Mass Continuity and Torricelli's Law

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the application of mass continuity and Torricelli's Law in fluid dynamics, particularly in the context of fluid drainage from a tank. Participants explore how the size of the hole and the height of the fluid affect the speed of the fluid exiting the tank.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants assert that according to the law of mass continuity, a narrowing pipe increases fluid speed, yet question why the speed of fluid draining from a tank depends solely on the height of the water above the hole.
  • Others clarify that the speed increase due to a narrowing pipe is relative to that specific pipe's geometry and does not directly inform the flow rate when considering the entire system.
  • One participant points out that in tank drainage, the hole's area is smaller than the tank's cross-sectional area, suggesting that mass continuity implies a relationship between these areas and the exit speed, which seems overlooked in typical examples.
  • Another participant notes that while changes in cross-sectional area affect velocities within the system, the exit velocity is primarily determined by the hydraulic head (height of the fluid).
  • It is proposed that the speed of fluid exiting the hole does depend on the area, and Torricelli's Law serves as an approximation that assumes a negligible speed at the water's surface, which may not hold in all scenarios.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the influence of hole size versus fluid height on exit speed, indicating that there is no consensus on how these factors interact in the context of Torricelli's Law and mass continuity.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include assumptions about the negligible speed of the water surface and the applicability of Torricelli's Law under varying conditions of hole size relative to tank area.

UMath1
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Based on the law of mass continuity, when a pipe narrows then the speed of the fluid increases. Then why is it that when draining a tank the speed of the fluid only depends on the height of water above and not on the size of the hole? Wouldn't a narrower hole mean that that the speed must be greater to provide the same flow rate?
 
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The key point is that when the pipe narrows the speed increases relative to where the pipe is wider in that particular pipe. It tells you nothing about the actual flow rate compared to if the entire pipe was narrower.
 
Yes but the case of the tank drainage, the hole's area is smaller than the cross sectional area of the tank. As per the mass continuity principle, the ratio of these two areas should influence the relative speed of the water exiting the hole. However, in all the example problems I have seen, the areas seem to have no bearing on the velocity of the exiting fluid.
 
A change in cross sectional area does result in different velocities in different parts of a system. But that has little to do with the exit velocity, which is based on height (hydraulic head).
 
The speed depends on the area. The formula that gives a speed independent of area (Toricelli's law) is just the first approximation.
It relies on the fact that the ratio between the area of the hole and the area of the big tank is usually very small. The elementary derivation of the formula assumes that the top surface of the water has zero speed.
 

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