A battery is a power source consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to include devices composed of a single cell.Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded, as the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a common example is the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and mobile phones.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries in vehicles, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in converting electrical energy to mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.
Using Google, I've read that laptop batteries naturally die over time. Lots of factors. A big one is heat/overheating.
I never turn my laptop off, but will start. I've noticed the battery bar going down the past two months or so from 98% to now 78%.
I've taken steps to save my important...
If I connect a voltmeter with the positive terminal of a battery and leave the other wire hanging in the air, it won't measure anything since it's not a closed circuit. But if there was a way to measure the voltage between those two points, what would the voltage be? Or is this a meaningless...
When current starts flowing in a circuit, voltage of the battery drops from EMF value. There are three sources of this however here I am only interested in ohmic resistance of the battery.
EMF of the battery is created because of electrochemical processes on both electrodes which create...
I had an old Duracell battery with the bottom covered by a whitish encrustation. When I dropped some vinegar on this, there was a vigorous fizzing, and the encrustation disappeared.
Any idea what the encrustation was (presumably soething alkaline, since vinegar is acidic) and what the likely...
I drive a 2019 Kia Stinger (purchased in June, 2019) with 22,000 miles on it. It's been having weak battery issues for a while, and I've ignored it but I really shouldn't, so now I'm trying to diagnose it to see if I need a new battery, new alternator or if there is a deeper electrical system...
Hi,
So this is a purposely abstract question and no specific details of the battery have been provided. I was wondering what type of AWS service would be appropriate to send signals to a battery (to release or store electricity)? I was looking around on the website and couldn't quite figure out...
I think PID is overkill (but would consider it). I am thinking of setting up an array of thermistors around the battery to make sure that they are all above T? Maybe two on top, two on the sides. The battery is about 8"x20".
I am building an r10 insulation box around the battery, which will...
I have an older computer running Windows 98 in a mobile application. I know, Windows 98, just replace it. Not a pleasant option. This system runs an application that dispenses dry granular material out of a hopper that holds about 9 tons of material. It is spread over an 80 foot swath. So...
I am designing a hydro power system that will tie into an off grid solar system. I will be using a 48v carbon AGM battery bank. Will be using the Sol-Ark 12kw inverter/charger, which has 2 built in MPPT charge controllers for solar. Assume the hydro power will be around 5 kw potential, and...
I need to build a battery system to drive a 10 HP pump motor. The actual BHP varies as the pressure in the system rises, but for the most part we are operating at a 10.1 brake horsepower. Run time requirements will vary from a few hours to many hours. I settled on 8 hrs as a basis.
Motor...
i know that batterys are made of a compination of chemicals since i took honors physics but i never really learned how they are made just what theyre made of
2 how large of a battery would be needed for a small tractor with a weight of 300 pounds in this hypotheical scenarior its related to...
I have a burned stator for a PM generator mounted in the accessory case of an internal combustion engine. The stator has 2 sets of 5 coils creating 2 20 amp generators. I am using a lithium battery and the engine builder blames the battery for the burned stator. He says the lithium battery...
Does anyone know of any products that would allow me to install a battery operated light switch and ceiling light? This would save me a lot over tearing down all the sheetrock, replacing sheetrock, painting, etc..
I'm thinking a switch with a faceplate. A simple button cell would go behind the...
Hello Everybody!
I am new to electrical engineering and only had 1 formal intro class on the subject (albeit I did very well in it) and have found myself in a position where I need to design a circuit for a micro reflex sight I have been designing. So let me first describe how my competitors...
I read an article in Science Daily 'Physicists build circuit that generates clean, limitless power from graphene'. Can someone explain how to take this from the physics science experiment to the engineering prototype and implementation stage? Is this technology going to revolutionize the mobile...
I saw an advertisement for this today:
in B&H (photo suppliers) for $79. Too much for me, also many digital cameras have sockets to supply plug-in power from a power source which costs less.
I was considering making something like this by 3D printing a shape to fit into the battery...
Good afternoon guys,
I was making some researches about building my own EV and its' specifications but I have a few no direct answered questions and some of them I humbly ask the help for you guys, based on the configuration example below.
Considering that I hypothetically have an electric DC...
I want to mount a camera on the front of a tractor(Sony RX0M2, similar to a gopro). The camera will eventually be used for image processing. A PQ-12 micro linear servo (see here) will be used to turn the camera on/off. It is being run by a Raspberry Pi 4B. All components in this project will be...
Hello,
i am currently working on a project where i have to calculate the internal resistance of a battery based on the voltage drop caused by placing a resistor over the battery. I am an EE, and i understand how i can calculate the IR by schematic, but i found this equation:
((Open circuit...
I've been reading through this paper to try and get a better understanding of how batteries work. The analysis there is fine (they consider a voltaic cell to charge a capacitor in order to derive ##\Delta V=\varepsilon##, and go via an energy route), but it doesn't really touch upon the fields...
Modern batteries use double-sided anode and cathodes for greater energy density. Series wiring of batteries is typically accomplished by connecting the anode of one cell to the cathode of another. However, can series be accomplished by stacking double-sided anode and cathode alternatingly with...
All the references I find refer to safely charging lithium cells by a method like this:
https://www.powerstream.com/li.htm
The next page shows the effects on capacity of charging to less than the 4.2 V terminal cell voltage. For example, charging to 4.0 V still provides 73% of the capacity...
Power bank is common for our daily life, especially for our smart phone, which always a lithium-ion battery. Taking airplane is easy at our daily life, but there are restrictions on lithium content for air travel, thus air travelers ask the question "How much lithium in a battery am I allowed to...
Does the negative terminal of a battery have a negative charge due to having a surplus of electrons? If so, then why do the surplus electrons from the negative terminal of the battery not discharge to the human body or Earth (which have a neutral charge) when touched?...thereby causing the...
I’m trying to learn about simple circuits but I have a few questions because I don’t fully understand what’s going on .
1. If the reason current flows when a wire is connected to the ends of a battery is due to a potential difference across a battery , why can’t the current just flow through...
Dear Friends
Read my post carefully. I have a motor bike having 8.3A battery bike had 35Watt headlight which was pretty bad. I decided to connect car beam 100w/130w as my battery total power is 12 x 8.3 = 99.6 Watt so you know it can only provide 90% power to 100w point only. Now tell me...
Does anyone know if a tungsten-/copper+ saltwater battery have any significant charge if any? Willing to experiment myself, but don't want to waste money without asking first
How did you find PF?: Chrome Search Engine
If you know the battery voltage V, and the battery capacity AH in amp-hours, the energy stored by the battery in Joules is just E = V*AH*3600, where the 3600 is the number of seconds in an hour.May 18, 2014
I left my Ipad 3rd gen on a table for 2 weeks and today I just saw it in this condition:
Has anyone ever seen anything like it? In your experience, is the screen salvageable and is the battery in that location?
It's an old (3rd gen 64gig) made in 2012.
I don't use it anymore...
Hey everyone,
So I'm trying to figure out what could be causing this problem:
I have a DEWENWILS Wireless Remote Wall Switch which takes a 12V battery 60 mAh(23A battery), when I replace the battery with a 12V 500 mA DC power supply, the unit stops working properly. I'm able to use the Power...
I have this adaptor. Do you know what kind of battery power pack that can output at least 9 volts 0.5 ampere?
This is the spec sheet:
https://www.jameco.com/Jameco/Products/ProdDS/163628.pdf
It's the adaptor included in the world's cheapest (and only) 2 channel pm2.5 monitor. A 16 channel...
Homework Statement:: How can I determine whether my basic circuit will work? A battery and two light sources.
Homework Equations:: conceptual question, use basic ohms law, current law, voltage law, etc.
This is not a homework question, i am just trying to understand electronics better. I am...
I'm looking at two different batteries for home energy storage. Both batteries have a coulombic efficiency in the upper nineties, say 96%. One battery has an energy efficiency of 90%, and the other has an energy efficiency of 60%. I believe both ratings represent loses of usable energy, but I...
We are incorporating a PDLC layer into a product being developed by us and it requires almost constant activation to remain transparent. The PDLC draws 0.557 Watts of power per hour at 60VAC. The goal is to get a battery/power source (of any type even proprietary) to last the upwards of 26,000...
I have read that the potential V = E*d for a constant electric field E, so this is related to the battery voltage of some voltage say 12v etc. Because battery will produce voltage using chemical reaction. Above two are different concepts or related? Please advise.
I am performing some calculations but struck with confusion whether I am doing it correct or wrong due to contradictions of these calculations on different calculators websites. I hope here someone will help me with the validation of my calculations.
Battery Capacity = 150 Ah
Battery...
Hi.
Could anyone guide me as to what equipment and considerations I need for maintenance charging a battery bank used as solar storage. The bank consists of 8, 6v deep cycle lead-acid batteries (Rolls batteries: S6- GC2-HC)
The solar system is for a seasonal application and the shed they...
I have a question about battery cars. in our common household electrical appliances like the Fan, light i.e. gadgets having regulator attached to it consumes the same amount of energy whether in full power or at the lowest. Because the extra power will be channelled through resistance inside the...
Gravity batteries intrigue me. We are starting to develop them now. We currently are able to drop cement blocks and harness the energy that the kinetic energy releases. We are considering them as an alternative energy source to help the environment. Here’s a link for those unfamiliar with it...