Electrons Definition and 998 Threads

Electrons moving at descrete orbits or shells ever collide or not. And what will happen if they collide with each other?

So, I just had a thought about something I heard from Harry Potter a long time ago (not sure if it was from the films or the books-or both). One of the characters--I think it was Hermione--said something like: "Electronics don't work in Hogwarts." Or something to that effect--that electronic...

When electrons produce photons in accelerators what is the mechanism called? and who was the first to do it?

I've been pre-occupied with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle for around four years now, and I've come to fabricate a lot of questions. The most pressing one, however, is as follows: To me, the uncertainty principle seems to reference our (relatively) poorly controlled methods to measure a...

Hello! Let E_1, E_2, \ldots, E_n be n allowed energy levels for a system of electrons. This system can be described by the Fermi-Dirac distribution f(E). Each of those levels can be occupied by two electrons if they have opposite spins. Suppose that E_1, E_2, \ldots, E_n are such that...

Hello! In order to obtain the number of actual electrons in the conduction band or in a range of energies, two functions are needed: 1) the density of states for electrons in conduction band, that is the function g_c(E); 2) the Fermi probability distribution f(E) for the material at its...

Hello everyone, I'm just learning about UV-Vis spectroscopy, I have some questions and I would be really thankful for help. It's stated that apsorption happens when electrons go from ground to excited state. And that transition to excited state is easier for non-bonding electrons which I...

Hi there, I have a problem to solve in Cosmology which says: "Write the formulas for the quantum kinetic energy of neutrons, protons and electrons as well as the formula for the gravitational energy for a neutron star that is comprised of free neutrons, protons and electrons in a ratio of Nn ...

I am wondering do electrons have different mass when they are in different orbitals? I know the energy levels are different so it seems like they must have more mass at the lower orbitals. Has anyone ever tried to measure the mass of electrons in different orbitals?

The standard approach to explaining band structure is to assume that the electrons in a solid move in a potential from the ions, which is periodic leading to Blochs Theorem and the formation of band structure. But I am a bit confused at this point. Is the approach only valid for the valence...

Is it right to say that 'modern physics has no deep explanation of the nature of charge' in electrons and protons?

Homework Statement Excess electrons are placed on a small lead sphere with mass 8.00g so that it's net charge is -3.20x10^-9C (a) Find the number of excess electrons on the sphere. (b) how many excess electrons are there per lead atom? The atomic number of lead is 82, and its atomic mass is...

I am an independent learner studying particle physics and am using lecture notes and the like, obtained from open courseware etc. My problem is, understanding why there is a difference between the parameters that describe electrons with right handed and left handed spin. Specifically, why...

Hello! When computing the density of states of electrons in a lattice, a material with dimensions L_x, L_y, L_z can be considered. The allowed \mathbf{k} vectors will have components k_x = \displaystyle \frac{\pi}{L_x}p k_y = \displaystyle \frac{\pi}{L_y}q k_z = \displaystyle \frac{\pi}{L_z}r...

Do all electrons orbit in the ground state, when the band gap, is increased, or decreased, as atoms come together to form molecules.? Like in glass, transparent liquids, and plastics. As atoms come together to form glass, like silicon, sodium, and calcium. Do the electrons orbital permanently...

Starting to brainstorm ideas for my Masters project. The current idea I have in mind involves a chamber of ionized gas which I would have to then separate from the free electrons. Would removing the electrons be as simple as connecting one of the chamber walls to the positive terminal of a...

I have recently studied about relativity being the reason for magnetism. The example given was about a magnetic field generated from current down a long wire. When two such wires with current in the same direction were parallel to each other there was an attractive force between them because...

Just curious. Any answers would be appreciated. Thanks!

So if energy levels, or eV of electrons, do not change with molecular bonding, how are electrons influencing each other.? In glass, when individual atoms of silicon, sodium, and calcium come together, to form glass, the molecular bonding does not change the energy levels of the electrons for...

- liquids, and plastics for light to transmission completely through the material. Is this eV level known in glass, liquid, and transparent plastics, for electrons to transmission light. Physicists say that "In most solid or liquid substances, the electron structure is so complex that...

Hello, How to find number of electronics in capacitor? as 1 coulomb and 1 Amp has 6.25x10^18 on what they depend? Is this correct..? Q=C*V C=47uF and V=12V Q=47*10^-6*12=5.64*10^-4 Coulmb?

-the electrons to the same shell levels of glass as the microwaves pass through and heat the material, or move electrons in a opaque material to the same energy levels, or shell levels of glass, and transparent liquids, and some plastics. In a microwave the waves traverse food, and heat the food...

Walther Kossel and Gilbert Lewis: "During the formation of a chemical bond, atoms combine together by gaining, losing or sharing electrons in such a way that they acquire nearest noble gas configuration." By what understanding I have so far, and do correct me if I'm wrong, atoms tend to attain...

... same energy levels of electrons as in glass. What would it take to change the eV levels of the electrons in the solid opaque matter, to the same energy levels of the electrons in glass. There is nothing necessarily special about glass, it is just a combination of silicon, sodium, and...

Hi everyone, I am trying to find electron wavefunction of a system I am working in. Numerical method I choose is the Variational method (VM). This method is convenient to find the ground state of the system. More details are available here. Problem I have can be explained on a very simple...

Homework Statement How does the blackbody paradox argument show that the electromagnetic field cannot be classical while electrons and atoms are quantum mechanical? Should the same arguments apply to treating gravity classically and electrons quantum mechanically? Homework Equations The...

What is it about the em waves that get absorbed by electrons compared to em waves that traverse solid material.What is it about that wavelength, or frequency of light, and other em waves that get absorbed by electrons, that makes visible light get absorbed by electrons. Why that specific...

Homework Statement Problem: Consider a "crystal" consisting of two nuclei and two electrons arranged like this: q1 q2 q1 q2 with a distance d betweem each. (q1=e, q2=-e) a) Find the potential energy as a function of d. b) Assuming the electrons to be restricted to a one-dimensional...

Hello! The (potential) energy of an electron in a solid structure is always negative; also the E_c and E_v levels (conduction band and valence band limits) are negative, in the band diagram of a pn junction. When the junction is built and thermal equilibrium is reached, the depletion region...

Let's say I want to determine what will happen during a chemical reaction. My current reasoning is that the electrons will be more likely to move from a less electronegative atom first. For instance, cesium is much more reactive than potassium, because its electronegativity is much lower...

Hello all, I'm just learning about beta decay and the emission of beta particles. I have come to an understanding that this is ionising radiation because it has the ability to remove electrons and turn the molecules it interacts with into ions. I've looked on the Internet for this information...

Okay so I just had another (silly) doubt Consider a hydrogen atom (1 proton in the nucleus and 1 1s electron) We know that the total energy of the hydrogen atom in its ground state is -13.6 eV And let's say in order to excite the electron to jump to n=2 the total energy should be -13.6/4=-3.4eV...

According to the article: http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2016/apr/07/birds-measure-magnetic-fields-using-long-lived-quantum-coherence : Is it possible simply to explain mechanism, how two coherent spins of electrons measure direction of magnetic field. I think that this explanation...

Homework Statement A sample of hydrogen atoms is irradiated with light with wavelength 85.5 nm, and electrons are observed leaving the gas. (a) If each hydrogen atom were initially in its ground level, what would be the maximum kinetic energy in electron volts of these photoelectrons? 0.9 eV...

Homework Statement GaAs has an effective density of states (DOS) = 4 × 1017 cm−3 for the conduction band, = 8 × 1018 cm−3 for the valence band and a band gap of = 1.42 eV. a) A thin slice of GaAs is illuminated by a cw light source, creating a steady state density of 1017 cm−3 of electrons...

As I understand the photoelectric effect as given by Einstein, an electron while attached to an atom is considered to be in a bound state and remains as such until a photon carrying a quantum of energy sufficient to overcome the work function of the electron frees the electron from its bound...

Hello! Some of the processes caused by a pn junction are not clear for me. Just after the contact between the p and the n region, a migration of charges happens in a semiconductor junction in order to reach an equilibrium condition. A valence band and a conduction band are present in both...

Say you have a strong spherical magnet where the poles are along the Z axis, and this magnet is surrounded by a toroid of metal at the equator, if you spin this toroid very rapidly around the sphere in the θ direction (along the blue arrow, i.e it goes around the Z axis), how would the electrons...

Homework Statement Homework Equations W = -U for conservative forces F = qV x B = qvBsinθ W = Fd for conservative forces K = 1/2mv^2 sinθ = 1 for 90° angles E1 = E2 (conservation of mechanical energy) The Attempt at a Solution [/B] W = -U -Fd = U E1 = E2 K = U K = -Fd = -qvBsinθd K...

If an electron does not orbit the nucleus in the classical sense, then how can we define an angular momentum operator that is analogous to the classical angular momentum? \hat{\mathbf{L}} = \hat{\mathbf{r}} \times \hat{\mathbf{p}} This angular momentum depends on both the position of the...

When we shine a light of particular color on a metal,it expells the free electrons present in the metal.In that case,doesn't the metal get ionized ?

Suppose I have an n-doped semiconductor and want to measure the electron concentration in the conduction band as a function of temperature. How would I go about doing this by measuring the Hall coefficient as a function of temperature, given that I don't know the electron and hole mobilities...

Why do we assume that the circulating pi electrons induces another magnetic field, B_in, that adds to the external mag field, B_ext, instead of opposing B_ext? Couldnt the pi electrons just as easily oppose B_ext? This lecture says the protons on benzene will experience greater effectual...

So I've been told about the 2n^2 rule, and how the number of electrons held in each shell goes 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 72, etc... But I am not aware of why shells further out from the nucleus are able to hold more electrons. Does this have something to do with spdf or energy levels? Thank you.

I understand that fermions are subject to the Schrödinger equation, but photons are not. I understand that interference patterns of electrons are governed by the Schrödinger equation, but with photons it is different. If I understand correctly, then what is the nature of this difference?

Can ions exist by itself, if it does, does it last for short period of time before it reacts with something else.

The reason I ask is because by definition entangled particles, like electrons, are always precisely the opposite spin of each other. At the same time it's known that for electrons to share an electronic shell with another electron, that they too must be precisely the opposite spin of each other...

Homework Statement Suppose ##n## electrons attempt to move through an ##NPN## transistor, there's a probability that some of the electrons traversing the ##P## area will recombine and and not make it to the other side. The infinitesimal probability in a region dx is given by...

Hi. I'm wondering if anyone has any info on "quark seeding" like: Is it possible to dope the crystal lattice of a solid material by replacing electrons with quarks ?

Quote from the wikipedia article of relativistic quantum chemistry: "... These corrections affect the electrons differently depending on the electron speed relative to the speed of light. Relativistic effects are more prominent in heavy elements because only in these elements do electrons attain...