Quantum numbers define the properties of atomic orbitals and the electrons within them. For the orbitals 2p, 3s, and 5d, the principal quantum number indicates the energy level and distance from the nucleus, while the azimuthal quantum number specifies the shape of the orbital. The principal quantum numbers for these orbitals are 2, 3, and 5, respectively, and the azimuthal quantum numbers are 1 for 2p, 0 for 3s, and 2 for 5d. Understanding these quantum numbers is essential for grasping electron configurations and the behavior of electrons in atoms. Resources like the Schrödinger equation and various educational websites can provide further clarification on these concepts.