What is Car: Definition and 1000 Discussions

A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation. Most definitions of cars say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people rather than goods.Cars came into global use during the 20th century, and developed economies depend on them. The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car when German inventor Karl Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Cars became widely available in the early 20th century. One of the first cars accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other parts of the world.Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger comfort, and a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, making them progressively more complex, but also more reliable and easier to operate. These include rear-reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Most cars in use in the early 2020s are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled by the combustion of fossil fuels. Electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, became commercially available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than gasoline cars before 2025. The transition from fossil fuels to electric cars features prominently in most climate change mitigation scenarios, such as Project Drawdown's 100 actionable solutions for climate change.There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs to the individual include acquiring the vehicle, interest payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society include maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, healthcare, and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.Personal benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience. Societal benefits include economic benefits, such as job and wealth creation from the automotive industry, transportation provision, societal well-being from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from taxes. People's ability to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies. There are around 1 billion cars in use worldwide. Car usage is increasing rapidly, especially in China, India and other newly industrialized countries.

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  1. Grands

    Automotive Which is the best brand for a car battery

    Hi guys. I need a battery car, do you know which is then best brand? I've heard about dyno, does someone who about it? Thanks.
  2. K

    Is charging off of a car battery harmful for the car?

    Hello everyone, I'm a RC helicopter enthusiast and want to fly in the field where there is no AC wall socket available for charging the helicopter's battery. The helicopter's battery is a 7.4V 1500mAh Lipo (11.1 Wh). My car's battery is 12.65V 74Ah. There is a charger available for charging...
  3. J

    How can we recover all the lead from old car batteries?

    Years ago I thought I would take apart a car battery melt all the lead I thought there would be at least 10 or more pounds of lead I only got a little over a pound of lead there was a lot of heavy dirt but applying heat to this material yielded no lead it seems the acid eats or corrodes the lead...
  4. T

    What forces oppose a car's motion when braking?

    I understand intuitively that an automobile is set in motion because the wheels apply a force on the road in a backwards direction. Using Newton's 3rd law, the car gets propelled because the road applies a reaction force in the opposite direction. Before starting to ask my full question, I...
  5. L

    Force and Power Required to Lift an Elevator Car

    Homework Equations P = W*V Fnet = ma V = 3.0 m/s W = 29.9[/B]The Attempt at a Solution I think i got this wrong, but I want you to check if my answer is right :( Heres what i did: So, P = force * velocity P =force*3.0 m/s force = force due to gravity + acceleration (net force) is F = ma =...
  6. E

    Breaking Distance of a Car Traveling on an Inclined Plane

    Homework Statement Calculate the braking distance for a car traveling at a speed of 35.0m/s down a hill at an angle of 10.0 degrees relative to the horizontal. Homework Equations F=ma v=u + 2as[/B] The Attempt at a Solution The teacher briefly explained this in class saying that the total...
  7. lichenguy

    Accelerating a car including the moment of inertia of the wheels

    Homework Statement A car accelerates from rest on a horizontal surface. The engine provides a torque of τ = 200 Nm on each of the two front wheels. Each of the four wheels on the car weigh m = 15 kg, have radius R = 0.35 m and can be considered solid, uniform discs. The rest of the car (not the...
  8. K

    Force exerted on a chain of wagons pushed by a car..

    Imagine a car that weights 1000Kg. Its engine pushes it forward with a force of 3kN. So the car is accelerating at 3m/s^2 (imagine there are no friction). After 100 seconds (the speed of car at that moment is 300m/s, very realistic), the car hits a wagon that weighs 1000Kg, that is on rest. And...
  9. F

    Automotive Car Differential - spider gear

    Hello, I need a quick clarification on how the differential works. I understand its purpose and how it operates but I am not sure how, when a car is turning, the spider gear starts spinning to provide the outer wheel with a higher angular velocity? Is it simply because the outer wheel starts to...
  10. Y

    Automotive Construction of CVT Metal push belt

    I am trying to understand the construction of CVT Metal belts that are made up of steel elements and some rings. I do not understand the full construction details of the belt. The most detailed information I have got ever is in this PDF on page 5...
  11. M

    Questions involving airflow and pressure around a car

    Homework Statement 1.Since the roadster seats only two people, it has only two side windows--one on each side. Each window is aligned squarely on the vehicle, so air can flow straight past the window as the vehicle heads forward. However, the air flowing around the roadster's windshield has to...
  12. C

    MHB Find Car B's Initial Velocity: A Physics Puzzle

    Dear Every one, Two cars approach an extremely icy four-way perpendicular intersection. Car A travels northward at 12 m/s and car B is traveling eastward. They collide and stick together, traveling at 40.1° north of east. What was the initial velocity of car B (in m/s)? (Enter the magnitude...
  13. A

    Minimum spring force required to keep a car level

    Homework Statement This is an attempt to solve a problem I asked about here https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/can-a-car-ever-sit-like-this.929453/ Homework Equations F = kx spring force The Attempt at a Solution using the largest angle down it can get with the front spring compressed all...
  14. A

    Can Weight Transfer Cause a Car to Stay in a Stuck Position?

    I have a rather unusual problem and I want to understand the physics of it. Imagine a car with a high center of gravity and front and back wheels close together. It gets some speed and then brakes, and the front goes down.Just when it stops, and the load tranfer is done, there's no force from...
  15. J

    Force Calculation for Upward Movement in Car Crashes

    If the front left wheel of a car traveling at approximately 60km/h impacted with a small concrete step, would any significant amount of force be applied upwards on the car? How would you calculate this force? I'm assuming that to lift a car into the air the force applied upwards on the car would...
  16. esha

    Why does the car skid when brakes are applied too hard?

    When the car is accelerating let's assume the force on it is ma. In order to stop this force we have to apply the brakes which apply a force in the opposite direction. But this force should not exceed ma. It is because the additional force will act on the tyres and create an additional...
  17. M

    Calculating Impulse and Energy in a Car Collision

    Homework Statement A car initially at rest accelerates North for 10seconds. At 11seconds a second car heading west at (Time given in Km/h) collides with the first car at a cross intersection. The cars stick together and slide off across the intersection at (Vf given in KM/h). How much energy...
  18. W

    Force on an Accelerating Car: Calculating the Net Force

    Hello, since this is a new topic in class I just want to check that I am doing the question correctly. Given: car mass = 710kg starts from rest v0 = 0 travels 40.0m in 3.0s d = 40.0m t = 3.0s Question: What is the net force exerted on the car? F = ___N Work: First I calculated acceleration...
  19. bahtiyar

    Could a steering wheel cause acceleration/deceleration of a car?

    question: The gas pedal and the brakes of a car are used to change the velocity by accelerating the car or decelerating it. Could a steering wheel perform either of these two actions? Explain. P.s: Of course velocity is a vector quantity and if the direction of car change there is an...
  20. astrocytosis

    Ball rolls without slipping in an accelerating car

    Homework Statement A bowling ball sits on the smooth floor of a subway car. If the car has a horizontal acceleration a, what is the acceleration of the ball? Assume that the ball rolls without slipping. Homework Equations torque = R x F = Iα aball= Rα Isphere = (2/5) MR2 The Attempt at a...
  21. starstruck_

    Car on Banked Curve: Centripetal Force?

    Does a car on a banked curve have a component of gravity that accounts for the centripetal force ( along with the normal force)?
  22. Poetria

    Relative velocities: braking car

    Homework Statement A bicycle rider is riding at a constant speed of v(b) and at t=0 is 17m behind the car. The cyclist reaches the car when the car just comes to rest. The car is moving with an acceleration:for 0<t<t(1) a(c)=0 for t(1)<t<t(2) a(c)= -c(t-t(1)) where its initial component...
  23. C

    Acceleration and velocity: Car and train problem

    Homework Statement A train has a length of 118 m and starts from rest with a constant acceleration at time t = 0 s. At this instant, a car just reaches the end of the train. The car is moving with a constant velocity. At a time t = 14.0 s, the car just reaches the front of the train...
  24. S

    Why Do Objects in Convex Car Mirrors Appear Closer Than They Are?

    Homework Statement I have noticed that in cars in India on rearview mirror(convex) it is written that "objects in mirror are closer than they appear". But for convex mirror of focal length 1 metre and object distance 39 metre, the image distance is 39/40 metre . Which tells that image is closer...
  25. J

    Can aerodynamic downforce from a standard car cause lateral pull in others?

    I have a friend who argues that her car creates enough downforce to cause other cars to veer towards it as they pass. I can understand cars behind it being affected, but I can't imagine 4 door car creating a force similar to that felt while driving alongside a semi truck. For what it's worth...
  26. Alexanddros81

    Cloverleaf highway interchange - determine car acceleration

    Homework Statement 13.34 The curved portion of the cloverleaf highway interchange is defined by ##R^2=b^2sin2θ##, 0<=θ<=90deg. If a car travels along the curve at the constant speed v0, determine its acceleration at A Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution [/B] Is this wrong?
  27. H

    Why do we need a switch before a relay?

    So in high current circuits which involve say a starter motor in a car we need a starter relay since a normal switch cannot handle the high current flow. I think the reason I'm asking this question is because I don't understand what exactly makes the relay be able to handle the current unlike...
  28. shintashi

    Automotive Can Flying Hypercars be Modified to Fly?

    Recently the Bugatti Chiron set a record of some sort for rapidly accelerating to 249 mph and then dropping back down. The engine is something to the effect of 1500 horsepower and the vehicle isn't terribly heavy. Old Airplanes had engines below 400 horsepower and ultra lights can be far less...
  29. H

    Automotive Understanding 12V Car Battery Voltage Readings: Explained

    Why are these batteries stated as 12V batteries if often they have a reading of greater than 12V e.g 13 or 14 and when you rev the engine hard while in neutral and do a voltage test on some components in the car circuit you get a reading of much much greater like 40V! How is this working? Could...
  30. H

    Automotive Voltage check on car electrical components

    Hi I watched this video of a guy testing a fusebox with a multimeter: if you skip to 6:10 he uses a multimeter on a particular fuse and when putting the black lead on good ground of car and red lead on either side of the fuse he gets the same reading on both sides. He even comments that there...
  31. W

    Calculating Time for Car to Catch Up to Truck

    Homework Statement A car traveling 93 km/h is 250 m behind a truck traveling 81 km/h. How long will it take the car to reach the truck (in seconds)? Homework Equations d=tv The Attempt at a Solution dc = 93t dt = 81t dc = dt + 250 93t = 81t + 250 12t = 250 t = 250/12 t = 20.83h = 75,000sec...
  32. J

    How much AC is there in a car battery

    I am thinking there is about 1/2 kilowatt hour of usable electricity in an 800 cca 12 volt car battery after conversion is this right?
  33. S

    4WD Arduino Controlled car - Problem with motor shield

    I've been working with what will be a small Arduino 4WD controlled car, however now I've found a problem. The motor shield I used is an Arduino UNO motor shield R3, v3, which means that it can only control 2 motors, howerver I'll be using 4. Is there any way to use this same shild but apply all...
  34. M

    Car and Ball Acceleration Problems

    Maybe I've gotten them figured out, but I'm still very much a physics newbie and thus not feeling confident, so if anyone could please review my work, I'd greatly appreciate it! 1. Homework Statement 1) A car accelerates uniformly from 10 m/s to 20 m/s in 5 seconds. a) How far does it travel...
  35. Pushoam

    Minimum acceleration of a car at which front wheels leave the ground

    Homework Statement Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I assume that the wheels are 8ft apart in both x and y direction. Let's denote the length and width of the car by 2l = 8 ft. The torque about an axis connected the contact points of rear wheels : ##\vec \tau = [\{l( \hat x +...
  36. A

    Can a Car Alternator Function as a Battery to Power a Motor?

    Hello, Is it possible for a car alternator to work like a battery and power a motor?
  37. R

    Maximum distance ahead of trooper reached by red car

    Homework Statement A trooper is moving due south along the freeway at a velocity speed of 21 m/s. At time t= 0, a red car passes the trooper. The red car moves with constant velocity 28 m/s. At the instant the troopers car is passed, the trooper begins to speed up at a constant rate of 2 m/s^2...
  38. A

    Minimum h for Car to Remain on Track Around Loop

    Homework Statement A car of mass m is initially stationary on a smooth track at distance h above the ground. What would be the minimum value of h required in order for the car to remain on the track throughout its journey around the loop of radius r? Homework Equations KE(bottom)>PE (top)...
  39. A

    Friction guiding a car around a curve

    friction is causes the circular motion in the car around a curve, and if we draw free body diagram we will see the friction force must be opposite the car motion so the force of friction not toward to the center of the curve ,so the force of friction must be not the centripetal force ,mustn't it?
  40. Pushoam

    Maximum distance the car accelerates in a circle without skidding

    Homework Statement Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution At distance s, the speed of the car is v. $$ v^2 = 2wτs$$ $$\frac { mv^2} R ≤ kmg$$ Let's denote the maximum distance covered without sliding is smax. $$\frac { m2wτsmax} R = kmg$$ $$ smax = \frac {kgR} {2wτ}$$ Is this correct...
  41. C

    Car - brake locking, stopping distance

    I have been reading quite a lot about the Physics behind car dynamics and I have gotten to a point which keeps confusing me, namely - brake locking. I understand brake locking as the situation when the wheels of the car do not rotate anymore but the car is still moving - this causes the tires...
  42. marcophys

    DC12V 12A car window motor - what spec for a 220V PSU?

    I have a combined motor and screw drive (to 90 deg). It's original purpose was to convert car windows to electric drive... my guess is that it is at least 25 years old, and made in Japan. For scale... the width of the motor casing is 50mm (as you look at it) I'm making a motorised turntable...
  43. kyphysics

    When to Buy a "New" Car if Driving a High Mileage Old One?

    My 2004 Honda Civic has 208,000 miles on it. No major repairs on it are needed at the moment. But just curious if there is some formula for determining when it's best to buy a "new" (really I mean "newer," since I'm open to used cars too) car when your current old one has gotten up in age...
  44. E

    Creating an Energy Shield for Cars: Innovative Safety Technology

    Is it possible to create an energy for cars by having some kind of electron emitters built around the car or sound wave emitters to create a layer of dense airwave around the car to cushion any impacts to the car in an accident?
  45. EEristavi

    How does a 5th wheel contribute to the accuracy of car speedometers?

    I'm wondering how does speedometer work. To be specific let's talk about car speedometer. I googled it and found out that there are different kind of speedometers, but not quite understood it's working principle. My question is not about how it shows us speed (Mechanically with arrow or...
  46. R

    Automotive Towards the *fully* 3D-printed electric car

    An article from 2015: 3-D-printed car could hit streets next year. Chris Woodyard, USA TODAY 4:48 p.m. EST November 12, 2015 http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2015/11/10/3d-printed-car-local-motors-swim/75530830/ Several companies have come out with what they call "3D-printed" cars, but...
  47. I

    Automotive Car downforce: accelerating air under the car vs blocking

    As most of you know real racecars have flat bottoms, rear diffusers and in the front well... a variety. So to keep this simple. I am building a car with a flat bottom and rear diffuser, car raked at 4 deg, diffuser at 14 (all details will be adjusted based on learned info) and nothing on top or...
  48. G

    Damped oscillation of a car on a road: velocity calculation

    Homework Statement The car circulates on a section of road whose profile can be approximated by a sinusoidal curve with the wavelength of 5.0 m. The mass of the car is 600.0 kg, and each wheel is equipped with a constant spring k = 5000 Nm-1 and a damper with constant b = 450 Nm-1s. Calculate...
  49. D

    Car behaviour on a straight road with a rolling road

    Homework Statement An extra-curricular theoretical assignment I have received: A car is traveling on a completely flat/uniform straight road at a constant velocity on a clear, dry day. 100 meters ahead, underneath the road there is a roller (similar to a rolling-road) which can spin without...
  50. EEristavi

    Automotive Friction force, Coefficient of friction &Traction

    I have few (more or less) general questions: 1. I know that: "The coefficients of friction are nearly independent of the area of contact between the surfaces". I understand this, but I know from everyday life, when car tire tread is worn off, braking distance increases and maximum acceleration...
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