Bosons Definition and 215 Threads

The Hilbert space for the derivation is: ##\mathcal{H}=L^2(X_m^+,\lambda)## where λ denotes the invariant measure over ##X_m^+##. This space does not include photons because they are not represented by the orbit ##X_m^{+}##. Thus, it would seem that the resulting derivation would not apply to...

Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 063002 – Published 11 February, 2025 https://journals.aps.org/prl/ Probing New Bosons and Nuclear Structure with Ytterbium Isotope Shifts Menno Door1,2,*,†, Chih-Han Yeh3,*,‡, Matthias Heinz4,5,1,§, Fiona Kirk3,6, Chunhai Lyu1, Takayuki Miyagi4,5,1, Julian C. Berengut7...

I tried to show this equality by explicitly determining what $$ \overline{(\Delta \eta)^2} $$ is, but I got a totally different answer for some reason, here is my attempt to solve it, what did I miss?

Hi all I found this expression in a paper that concerns the derivation of some relations about boson operators but it is not very clear to me how the results were obtained. The derivation starts as, let B be an operator as a linear combination of different boson operators: $$...

Hello, I recently came across the following (apparent, I hope) paradox: suppose we have two H atoms. Now, a hydrogen atom is made up of one proton and one electron (fermions), so it is a boson. Then one could have two hydrogen atoms which are in the exact same state (including position). This...

If a bosonic field is probabalistic, and if it can be emitted (suddenly coming into existence), what determines its probability distribution when it is emitted from a fermion? In other words, one thinks (or at least I think) of a fermion field as already being in existence and already having...

Hi, It is easy to find discussions about time dilation and muon Half-Life. Is it meaningful to discuss whether bosons capable of pair production can have their decay rate changed if they pass through material?

Homework Statement:: I came across the following in an online article. I am unable to understand how these elementary particles cause a force to exist. "Each of the four forces results from the exchange of force-carrier particles.". Above statement is taken from...

Problem: A system contains two identical spinless particles. The one particle states are spanned by an orthonormal system ##|\phi_k>##. Suppose that particle states are ##|\phi_i>## and ##|\phi_j>## (##i \neq j##). (a) Find the probability of finding the particle in the state ##|\xi>## and...

Zero spin of Higgs boson? Is it really zero? Where is the spin (intrinsic angular momentum) of the Higgs boson on so small that we quantify it as having zero spin?I am aware of the reduced plank constant. But I we sure there is nothing in between the reduce Planck’s constant and the zero spin of...

In wikipedia you can find this neat tables with the hypercharge and isospin of a ton of particles and bosons. What I want to know is: what are the values of Isospin and Hypercharge for the W3 and B bosons? Now, I know electroweak unification, don't worry about that. I know W3 and B got mixed...

1. Since N is large, ignore the kinetic energy term. ##[-\mu + V(r) + U|\Psi (r)|^2]\Psi (r) = 0## 2. Solve for the density ##|\Psi (r)|^2## ##|\Psi (r)|^2 = \frac{\mu - V(r)}{U}## 3. Integrate density times volume to get number of bosons ##\int|\Psi (r)|^2 d\tau = \int \frac{\mu -...

Although strictly speaking this is motivated by a classical field theory problem, I felt that the quantum physics subforum would be more appropriate because it pertains to topics which to my understanding are almost entirely dealt with in the context of QFT. The most commonly stated form of...

Does the Higgs Boson really have 0 spin or is the spin between 0 and 1/2 x (1.054 571 817... x 10-34 J s)?

I'm interested in knowing where can i find the information on decay time of (possibly every?) different type of bosons, hadrons and fermions, which is available to the public (tiletles of books, articles, ...). Any suggestions or ideas?

I'm having a hard time understanding how to treat fermions, bosons, and distinguishable particles differently for this problem. To the best of my understanding, I know that my overall state for bosons must be symmetric, and because they're spin-0, this means there's only one coupled spin state...

This questions was brought to my attention by Kazu Okayasu. According to probability theory the probabilities of mutually exclusive events add upp. As an example we can distribute 2 balls in two boxes with two compartments each. So there's a box on the left with a lower and an upper compartment...

Consider the field creation operator ψ†(x) = ∫d3p ap†exp(-ip.x) My understanding is that this operator does not add particles from a particular momentum state. Rather it coherently (in-phase) adds a particle created from |0> expanded as a superposition of momentum eigenstates states...

Hi guys, I'm studying my first-year physics in college, and I'm having to write a report of some proton-proton collisions that were registered in the LHC of CERN years ago. The main goal is to identify different bosons (W and Z) that are decaying into other elemental particles. I've been asked...

For 2 bosons each of which can occupy any of the energy levels 0 and E the microstates will be 3 0 E a a aa - - aa the partition function is therefore $$z=1+e^{-\beta E}+e^{-2\beta E}...(1)$$ Another approach to do.. The single particle partition function is $$z=1+e^{-\beta E} $$...

I get it that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum, and that only massless particles can move that fast. Must move that fast. A photon, the massless boson that carries the electromagnetic force, moves as c, which is given by the inverse root of the electric permability...

For the probability of finding R out of N (indistinguishable) bosons in one half of a volume with a total of 2g states (g in each half) I get the following expression: PR = WR / WT where WT is the number of ways of distributing N particles in the total volume: WT = (N+2g-1)! / (N! (2g-1)!)...

I am searching for anything on quantum fluctuations and virtual bosons for someone who is a serious but amateur physicist ie. I have completed undergrad physics/math and some graduate level math at university. I am having a hard time finding anything that isn't beyond pop science. Not really...

Heavier bosons like ##W## or ##H## require high energy accelerator to be detected. Yet these bosons fulfill their function in the ambient energy of the universe. Why is it that their detection takes high energy environment but their function is possible in lower ambient energy?

Hello everybody! I have a question regarding the forbidden decay ##\rho^0 \rightarrow \pi^0\pi^0##, but it is a general doubt. My book states that one of the reasons why the decay is forbidden is Bose-Einstein statistics, the final state of two equal pions must be in an antisymmetric state...

Because massive gauge bosons have a finite half life, are they excluded from the (infinitely, asymptotically remote?) in and out states of QFT? Or, to put it another way, are they restricted to the internal legs of Feynman diagrams, i.e. to being virtual only? We can see W and Z tracks in...

I'm wondering about the fundamental difference between fermions and bosons. Isn't it true that bosons are always their own antiparticle but fermions are not? But then I wonder about the Weak bosons, W+, W-, Z0. All these are bosons, right? But isn't the W+ the antiparticle of the W-. Or is it...

Homework Statement After proving the relations ##[\hat{b}^{\dagger}_i,\hat{b}^{\dagger}_j]=0## and ##[\hat{b}_i,\hat{b}_j]=0##, I want to prove that ##[\hat{b}_j,\hat{b}^{\dagger}_k]=\delta_{jk}##, however I'm not sure where to begin. 2. The attempt at a solution I tried to apply the...

Homework Statement Following from \hat{b}^\dagger_j\hat{b}_j(\hat{b}_j \mid \Psi \rangle )=(|B_-^j|^2-1)\hat{b}_j \mid \Psi \rangle , I want to prove that if I keep applying ##\hat{b}_j##, ## n_j##times, I'll get: (|B_-^j|^2-n_j)\hat{b}_j\hat{b}_j\hat{b}_j ... \mid \Psi \rangle . Homework...

I've never been able to get my head around the idea that forces are particles. In the case of fermions, a particle seems to be a natural concept. Even though it's really a wave, or an excitation in a quantum field, I can envision it as being something in a particular place. For bosons that...

Assuming a system of bosons at high density and low temperature so that they obey Bose-Einstein statistics. If one had a high resolution, ultrafast tomographic imaging system that would allow to track every particle in this system and therefore make the particles distinguishable, what would...

The BE-distribution for the case of only one state per energy level (gi = 1) is ni = 1 / (exp(ui - μ)β - 1) This is a reasonable and well defined distribution as far as I can see. On the other hand the number of possibilities to realize a given distribution of bosons among k energy levels with...

Is there an expression similar to the Sackur-Tetrode equation that describes the statistical entropy of fermions or bosons, maybe for the electron gas in a metal or the photon gas in a cavity?

For the free boson, the field operators satisfies the commutation relation, $${\varphi}_{x'}{\varphi}_{x} - {\varphi}_{x}{\varphi}_{x'} = 0$$ at equal times. While the fermions satisfies, $${\psi}_{x'}{\psi}_{x} + {\psi}_{x}{\psi}_{x'} = 0$$ at equal times. I interpret ##{\varphi}_{x}## and...

Hi Everyone! Hope everyone is really enjoying pushing the Physics frontiers! Really need some help here. In the Electroweak sector of the Standard Model, it is apparently the case that the success of renormalisation to remove the Ultraviolet Divergence relies on the fact that at high energies...

These ideas come from the book Quantum Physics by Eisberg and Resnick (specifically ch11), can anyone explain what the inhibition factor and enhancement factors are in a little more detail? I do not understand what the book is trying to explain, and I can't seem to find these anywhere online...

Can you detect stationary bosons?

Now from my basic understanding of particle physics, matter is supposed to be fermions, while particles involved in force interactions are bosons (photons, gluons, W/Z, and Higgs). Now, apparently there are also some composite particles of matter that are considered to be bosons too. For...

In the Standard Model fermions interact via exchanges of massless (virtual) spin-1 particles. Fermions are turned into a boson. How is that different from the SUSY transformation that turns fermions into bosons?

Homework Statement In a particle physics lab, an electron e− and a positron e+ collide, annihilate, and produce a W+ boson and a W− boson. Just before the collision, the electron and positron have a total energy of E = 100 GeV each, with velocities pointing along the +x-axis and -x-axis...

I am confused about the production of bosons in annihilation processes. If we have a positron and an electron coming together and annihilating, we can always find a frame in which the net momentum is zero, which would suggest that a single photon can never be produced in such an interaction...

Consider the following facts: 1. For a particle with momentum ##k##, the two transverse polarization vectors ##\epsilon({\bf k}, \lambda_{1})## and ##\epsilon({\bf k}, \lambda_{1})## are purely spatial and orthogonal to ##\bf k##, that is, ##\epsilon^{0}({\bf k}, \lambda_{1}) = 0,##...

Are tachyons force Particles/messenger particles ? Is so do they act messenger between two entangled particles and allow faster than light information exchange? Thank for the answer.

How can a couple of W bosons annihilate each other, if both are left-handed particles? (there are no right handed Ws)

A straightforward argument for showing that indistinguishable particles in 3D can either be bosons or fermions goes as follows. Consider the wavefunction of identical particles 1 and 2 at positions \psi (\vec{r}_1, \vec{r}_2). If we swap these particles around then this just becomes \psi...

The coupling of the Higgs boson to the electroweak gauge bosons in the Standard model is given by $$\mathcal{L}_{\text{H-g}} = - \left( \frac{H}{v} + \frac{H^{2}}{2v^{2}} \right) \left(2M_{W}^{2}W_{\mu}^{+}W^{-\mu} + M_{Z}^{2}Z_{\mu}Z^{\mu} \right).$$ However, in Cliff Burgess' textbook 'The...

Hello, I'm trying to understand how the superfluidity is connected with the Lagrangian of the system: in some textbooks (e.g. Antony Zee qft in nutshell) it is stated, that in case, when the excitations in the fluid have energy spectrum linear with momentum , there is a critical velocity, which...

Introduction and warm up Suppose H_0 is some Hamilton's operator that has eigenvectors |\psi_n\rangle for n\in\mathbb{N} with some eigenvalues E_n so that H_0|\psi_n\rangle = E_n|\psi_n\rangle,\quad \forall n\in\mathbb{N}. Suppose we define a new Hamilton's operator by setting H=H_0\otimes...

This question is in regards to the electroweak force itself before its symmetry is broken into the weak and electromagnetic force. Let's say hypothetically that the ambient temperature of the universe or of a certain volume of space was hot enough to restore the electroweak symmetry like it was...