What is Nozzle: Definition and 172 Discussions

A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (especially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In a nozzle, the velocity of fluid increases at the expense of its pressure energy.

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  1. T

    I Nozzle Reaction Forces: Explaining the Resultant Force

    I have been reading many examples of control volume calculations regarding nozzles They all end up with a reaction force on the nozzle in the direction of the flow. I can't understand this from a Conservation of momentum perspective. I would expect that the reaction force, by Newtons third...
  2. A

    Mass Flow Rate of Pressure Regulator

    Hey, I have an air tank that is at a set pressure, say 3000psi, and I have attached a regulator to the end that regulates the pressure down to 800psi. As the valve on the tank is opened the pressure and the mass in the container will decrease. If there was no regulator the mass flow rate would...
  3. iceberk

    How to change desired flow rate of the nozzle

    Hello, We have a system with a 70 bar pump and 9 nozzles connected to the pump lines. Total flow rate is 2 l/m. Is there a way to change only one nozzle flow rate manually, with a pressure regulator valf just behind that nozzle? Thank you.
  4. A

    Air Tank Discharging Through A Nozzle - Unsteady Flow

    Hey, So I have a system where there is an air tank (0.2Litres @ 3000psi, 293K) and I have a convergent-divergent nozzle attached directly to it. What I want to know is an expression for how the mass flow rate varies with time as the mass in the tank decreases causing the pressure to decrease...
  5. B

    Trying to calculate the volume of gas flowing through a nozzle

    I've gone through many posts but haven't really come across something very clear. And on top of it my knowledge of fluid dynamics only extends to compressible fluids. I have a Nitrogen Cylinder Tank, with an exit pressure of 214.7 psia which is blocked by a solenoid valve at a location very...
  6. J

    Pressure required for air flow through nozzle

    I need to know the maximum compression speed that can be applied to a rectangular bladder which has a open air port that will avoid rupturing the bladder. The bladder is 40" wide, 100" long, and 10" tall. The compression equipment is a large metal panel that is larger than the surface area of...
  7. S

    Pressure change while entering taper of nozzle

    Assuming incompressible uniform streamlined flow, with fluid flowing from a wide tube into a tapering section then on into a narrow section... Would the be a little kink in the pressure at the junction of the tubes and the taper? Each flow line is accelerating towards the central line, so one...
  8. G

    Solving Long Mach Nozzle Shape Problem for MBMS

    Hi y'all, thanks in advance to anyone who knows a bit more about compressible/isentropic flow than me for the help, I have an interesting problem which I've been working on for a bit. Basically, I would like to measure species coming out of a reactor using molecular beam mass spectrometry...
  9. Nemo's

    What is the exit steam velocity?

    Homework Statement Steam, at 15 bar and 280oC, enters a nozzle with an initial velocity of 125 m/s. The steam enthalpy at the exit section is 2800 kJ/kg and the heat loss is 25 kJ/kg. What is the exit steam velocity?. Homework Equations 1)Qin - Qout = m [h2-h1+((c22-c12))/2] 2)h = Pv + u...
  10. Ecthe

    I Calculating gas flow trough a pipe and a nozzle

    Hello there. I am struggling with some gas flow calculations that, I think, should be quite basic. However, I think that I miss the knowledge background for it. I have a setup that I am showing in the attached file but here are more details: -I have a vacuum chamber pumped with a turbo pump to...
  11. S

    Volume flow rate variation of a free air jet

    Hi, I recently did an experiment whereby we investigated the velocity distribution of air expelled from a round nozzle whose diameter, D, was 30mm. We have been asked to calculate the volume flow rate at distances of 2D, 6D and 10D along the centreline. We found the flow rates to INCREASE...
  12. M

    Finding centerline speed of a flow through a nozzle

    Homework Statement Homework Equations u=a+ b(x-c)^2 We have two boundary conditions at x=0, u=u(entrance) and x=L, u=u(exit) Source: Fluid Mechanics by Çengel/Cimbala The Attempt at a Solution I cannot understand the parabolic equation in the x-direction.
  13. A

    Small diameter water nozzle efficiency versus nozzle length

    Hello! We are 3 students working on a bachelor thesis rigth now, with the purpose to determine the efficiency for different nozzle designs. We have done several practical tests, where we have logged the water pressure and the flow out from the nozzle, and calculated the nozzle efficiency based...
  14. F

    Why is P1 not equal to Patm in a nozzle?

    Homework Statement why P1 not equal to P atm ? I can understand that P2= P 3 = P atm , because it is open to the atmospheric pressure... but why not P1 ?for (0.659-Fx = (10^3)(0.0942)(11.59) + (10^3)(0.053)(10.39) - (10^3)(0.1473)(8.33) = 0.147kN , it's actually (0.659-Fx = (ρ)(Q)(v2) +...
  15. T

    Find the speed of water out of a nozzle

    Homework Statement Water is flowing through a nozzle with entrance data: P1 = 500 kPa V1 = 10 m/s A1 = π m2 ρ = 1000 kg/m3. Exit data: P2 = atmospheric pressure, assume 100 kPa to make numbers easy V2 = ? A2 = π (0.5)2 ρ = 1000 kg/m3 With what speed does the water exit the...
  16. M

    Diesel injector sac pressure calculation

    I am trying to calculate the nozzle sac pressure required to deliver 60mm3/ms of diesel fuel into a pressurised cylinder (19MPa). The nozzle has 5 delivery holes of diameter 0.157mm and the discharge co-efficient is 0.87. The sac diameter= 0.7 mm and the sac volume= 0.12mm3. I have tried to use...
  17. MdAsher

    Design and Fabrication of a scaled down deLaval nozzle.

    Greetings Everyone, I am lookin forward to design a simple deLaval nozzle to achieve supersonic velocity in lab. I do not want to follow the cfd method or any other software method as of now. If someone could please guide me with calculating the various design parameters of the nozzle like...
  18. N

    Enthelpy at the throat of the nozzle

    Hi, This is my first post in this forum :woot: I have a total enthalpy ht=3000 kj/kg with velocity at inlet v1=20 ms-1, Speed of sound a1=562.5 ms-1 and outlet pressure P2 = 1 bar With the formula ht=h*+(a*2/2) how do i calculate actual value at throat h* ? NOTE: (by trial and error) I can...
  19. needing

    Bernoulli effect at spray nozzle

    Hi. First post so I hope I have the correct thread location. I am reverse engineering a 40+ year old vertical slide carburettor design i.e. the venturi is horizontal. The current spray nozzle protudes vertically into the airflow but is straight sided and flat across the exit. Option 1...
  20. S

    Understanding the Exit Pressure of Nozzles in Thermodynamics

    Hi There, Im studying thermodynamics at the moment and there's one statement about nozzles that I just haven't been able to understand. In my mind when a fluid exits a nozzle it would have a higher pressure than the inlet. Could someone please explain in what sense the pressure of a fluid drops...
  21. evan-e-cent

    At what pressure does steam exiting a nozzle reach mach 1

    I am planning to build a Hero's steam engine or Aeolipile. This is the steam engine invented by the Greeks about 2000 years ago. It is attributed to Hero or Heron (10-70 AD) but was also referred to in 15 BC. My grandfather build one for a show. I have inherited it but rather than try to repair...
  22. B

    How does air travel after leaving a nozzle?

    I am working on a project which involves air nozzles. I am interested in estimating the time it takes for air particles after they leave the nozzle to reach a particular distance away. I have the following information--- a converging nozzle, the speed with which it is coming out of the nozzle(I...
  23. leafjerky

    Thermodynamics - Steady State Nozzle, find area of inlet/exit

    Homework Statement In a jet engine, a flow of air at 1000 K, 200 kPa, and 40 m/s enters a nozzle, where the air exits at 500 m/s and 90 kPa. What is the exit temperature, inlet area, and exit area, assuming no heat loss? Homework Equations min = mout = m where m = mass air flow dE/dt cv = Qcv...
  24. M

    What are the standard sizes for nozzle thickness in pressure vessel design?

    Homework Statement If I'm looking for standard sizes of nozzle thickness. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution Should I be searching for the standard thickness of plates that are used to form the nozzle?
  25. Kushwoho44

    Fluid Dynamics: Static Thrust on a Conv-Div Nozzle

    Homework Statement The attempt at a solution Hi all, I am tasked with finding the static thrust generated by this convergent-divergent nozzle. The stagnation pressure is known the inlet. Now, personally, I would've thought drawn a control volume around the entire nozzle. And then said...
  26. DustinSmith

    Calculating nozzle shape for melting hot glue

    I am building a nozzle for my hot glue gun, and it has made me realize that my math skills have become quite rusty. My goal is to figure out how fast I can extrude a hot glue stick through nozzle of different lengths. My assumption is that the longer the nozzle is (assuming I keep it at...
  27. Merttt

    Venturi, Orifice and Nozzle

    Hello everyone. When I try to do mass flow systematic uncertainty estimation for venturi nozzle and orifice, I am getting the biggest error from venturi nozzle. What is the reason for it? ( Why coefficient of velocity of venturi nozzle is too big compared to orifice and nozzle.)
  28. yangshi

    Choked flow out of air compressor and wind tunnels

    I posted this on Eng-tips and no replies yet:( I'm trying to design an as-simple-and-cheap-as-possible supersonic wind tunnel using an air compressor (this even possible? given the energy losses from shock waves...). I have access to a Porter-Cable 150psi, .8hp air compressor. Questions: 1...
  29. J

    Converging Diverging Nozzle

    Hey everyone. So I just experimented on compressible flow through a converging diverging nozzle. The nozzle had 8 pressure points from where which pressure was measured, as well as inlet and outlet pressures. The inlet pressure and mass flow rate were adjusted to form subsonic flow and adjusted...
  30. S

    Flow velocity out of a rectangluar nozzle

    Hello, I'm having a hard time coming up with a flow velocity out of a nozzle. I have a fan that is putting 300 cfm of air through a 3" ID hose. The 3" hose is 45in long, and ends with a rectangular nozzle that has an opening 4.5" x 0.5". Any help would be greatly appreciated.
  31. moenste

    Mechanics -- Converting volumetric flow rate to nozzle velocity

    Homework Statement A hose with a nozzle 80 mm in diameter ejects a horizontal stream of water at a reate of 0.044 m3 s-1. With what velocity will the water leave the nozzle? What will be the force exerted on a vertical wall situated close to the nozzle and at right-angles to the stream of...
  32. JP Beaulieu

    Venturi effect witout/with nozzle

    Hi, I am building a hose system with an automatic liquid dispenser using venturi effect. The 12v pump is taking water in a tank via a 3/4 pipe and has a capability of 2.9gpm at 50psi. The main system is built with 3/4 pipes and a 5/8 hose. The siphon pipe is 1/4 and I added a check valve...
  33. C

    Firefigting nozzle pressure and reaction

    A ladder pipe with a 2" tip at 80 psi nozzle pressure will have approximately ____ pounds of nozzle reaction. Now I've been out of college and out of practice with my math and physics skills for quite a while. With studying my firefighting materials for operations, a lot of the statements by...
  34. B

    Calculating Pressure Distribution in a Nozzle for Abaqus

    Hey all, So I have a small convergent nozzle that I'm modelling in Abaqus and I'm wondering how I could work out the pressure distribution so I can apply the correct load. The problem is I only know the pressure being fed to it by air compressor. Is there a way to use Bernoulli s or some other...
  35. S

    Nozzle problem between subsonic and supersonic speed & nozzle area

    Hi all, I have really a confusion between subsonic and supersonic speed evolution when the area decrease or increase I have a problem to understand why in supersonic regime the velocity evolution in a nozzle is adverse of the subsonic regime? for example in subsonic regime, when the area...
  36. S

    C-D Nozzle - Mach No. >1 at Throat

    Hi, As I understand, it is theoretically impossible to have a Mach No. higher than one at the throat of a Convergent Divergent Nozzle. I'm currently working on some calculations, and while I've been told the calculations are correct, I'm getting abnormally high Mach Numbers at the throat...
  37. J

    Calculating Mass Flow Rates and Mach Numbers in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

    Hi, I hope that, given I've sourced what I can, you may be able to help? I'm Currently working on a lab report for my Aeroengines unit based on Convergent-Divergent nozzle (http://imgur.com/HQML2Au). From the drawing, I have been provided D1, D2, D3, D4, T1, T2, T3, T4, P1, P2, P3, Velocity...
  38. R

    Calculating Force Exerted by Water at Nozzle

    Homework Statement A nozzle at the end of a horizontal pipeline discharges water into the atmosphere. The rate of discharge is 0.65 m3 /s. The pipeline has a constant diameter of 0.3 m and the downstream end of the nozzle has a diameter of 0.2 m. Calculate the force exerted by the water on the...
  39. Y

    What is the gas pressure after it comes out of the nozzle?

    There is one thing that bothers me a lot. Recently our lab ordered a Nitrogen cylinder from AirGas. When I am using it, I understand that when the nitrogen comes out, the pressure equals the delivery pressure, which is set by me as 65psi. However, when the nitrogen comes out of it, the pressure...
  40. N

    Pump and nozzle output flow rate

    If I have a pump of 50psi and 2L/min flow rate and it is connected to a nozzle. The nozzle catalogue specs for example shows that : 40psi = 0.5L/min 50psi = 0.6L/min 60psi = 0.7L/min Is flow rate at the nozzle output 0.6L/min? Regardless of the pump flow rate, as long as pressure are same...
  41. M

    Designing Powerful Water Guns for Distance Propulsion

    Good morning, I always walk on egg shells posting what is probably a redundant question on a forum. I have been reading for two days and there is a ton of physics information out there on the subject but most of it doesn't truly address the mechanics of what I am looking for. In a very...
  42. M

    Nozzle Exit Velocity | Determine Gas Velocity

    Homework Statement Carbon dioxide gas flows through a well-insulated nozzle operating at steady state. Potential energy effects are neglected. Inlet: T1 = 500 K p1 = 5 bar v1 = 100 m/s Outlet: T2 = 460 K p2 = 3 bar v2 = ? How do I determine the gas velocity at the nozzle exit? Homework...
  43. H

    What is the water speed as it leaves the nozzle?

    Homework Statement [/B] Suppose you adjust your garden hose nozzle for a hard stream of water. You point the nozzle vertically upward at a height of 1.5 m above the ground. When you quickly turn off the nozzle, you hear the water striking the ground next to you for another 2.0 s. What is the...
  44. T

    Instruments with electromagnetic nozzle

    I recently saw an technical instrument that uses electromagnetic field to capture and move small objects. For example it can be used to capture and unscrew nut(female screw). How this instrument can be named right to find its description in the Internet?
  45. M

    Bernoulli's theorem of conservation in a nozzle spraying to atmosphere

    Hi there, I'm having a problem behind the theory of bernoulli's theorem. Can it be applied in an application where water flows from a pump into a pipe with x diameter and out of a nozzle with y diameter to atmosphere. There is a pressure gauge on said pipe. There is a nozzle screwed into this...
  46. A

    Conv-Div nozzle and Fanno flow (Gas Dynamics)

    Homework Statement A rocket nozzle is operating with a stretched out throat, (L = 50 cm and D = 10 cm). If the inlet stagnation conditions are po1 = 1 MPa and To1 = 1500 K, determine the nozzle exit velocity and mass flow for a back pressure of 30 kPa. The diameter of the nozzle at the exit...
  47. N

    How Do I Make a Grossly Overexpanded Rocket Nozzle Exhaust Jet Stable?

    I have a question regarding the design of rocket nozzles. I am not an engineer nor a physicist but I am involved in amateur experimental rocketry and I was curious regarding grossly overexpanded nozzles. According to Wikipedia a grossly overexpanded rocket nozzle (very bottom of the...
  48. K

    Negative pressure head in a nozzle

    Hi, I am doing some fluid flow calculations for some nozzle designs at work. For one nozzle in particular, the fluid flows through an inlet pipe, then flows through a short contracted section, then flows into a Helmholtz chamber before entering another contracted section through which it...
  49. I

    Mass air flow through a nozzle at different upstream pressures

    I'm interested in identifying mass airflow through a choked convergent or conical nozzle. I've found some web info claiming that mass airflow through a nozzle becomes primarily a linear function of the inlet pressure, and doubling the inlet pressure doubles the flowrate. Further research...
  50. gfd43tg

    Converging-Diverging Nozzle

    Homework Statement 2. Air flows from a large supply tank in which the pressure is 147 psig and the temperature is 160 F through a converging - diverging nozzle. The velocity at the throat of the nozzle is sonic. A normal shock occurs at a point in the diverging section of the nozzle where the...
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