Ion Definition and 382 Threads

How are protons in an ion source distributed in momentum space? Consider an ion source fed with H2 at low pressure. As soon as the protons are free protons they are accelerated by the extraction voltage of perhaps 10 kV. In momentum space the protons are initially a "shell" with a certain...

Homework Statement What is the magnitude of the force experienced by a He2+ ion traveling with v = 1.3 × 10^5i m/s in a magnetic field B = 0.42 j T? Homework Equations F=qvbsinθ The Attempt at a Solution F=2*1.6e-19*1.3e5*0.42 I am unsure about the charge on the Helium ion. Is it 2*1.6e-19?

What effect (if any) would changing the surface area of electrodes in a lithium ion battery have? Would it allow for faster battery charging? Faster discharge rate? Thanks in advance

How to verify the Energy and Capacity delivered by the Lithium Ion battery? I have a Lithium ion batter with below configuration: Nominal Voltage 4.2 V Nominal capacity 2250 mAh I am calculating the energy and capacity every second for my experiments. I use below formula to calculate the...

Obviously there are MANY differences, but I'm curious about one in particular. In an article I read, the creator used NiMH batteries because of their high charge density, but also because they do not require a charge controller and voltage regulator in the circuitry. Why is this, and is there...

why would a flame contain electrons and ions??

Hello. I'm studying principle of Langmuir probe and got several questions. 1st, the textbook suddenly tells that ion density within sheath is ni(x) = nis(Vs/V(x))1/2 where nis, Vs are ion density and plasma potential at sheath edge. I found some document which shows that it is obtained by...

Hello PF, This has been frustrating me for a while: The plasma inside a tokamak is being heated by current induction, which accelerates the ions and electrons in specific directions, thus the velocity of ions increase. These ions collide with each other, eventually randomizing the motion. Now...

I've heard a lot of people talk about solar sails versus things like Ion thrusters, and it seems that both have their advantages and disadvantages. So I was wondering whether or not it's possible to use both on a single spacecraft ? That way you could get the speed of an ion thruster along with...

Homework Statement An ion, starting from rest, accelerates from point A to point B due to a potential difference between the two points. Does the electric potential energy of the ion at point B depend on it's mass? Homework Equations $$\Delta EPE = q \Delta V$$ $$[J]=[C\cdot \frac{J}{C}]$$...

Hello If a heavy ion beam deposits a certain energy E in a volume V, how many ion-pairs will it produce in matter? I think that the number of ion-pairs will be the energy divided by the (average) energy of ionization. A friend told me that a part of the deposited energy will cause also atomic...

If a gas is ionized using a sufficiently strong electric field (created by two plates, and where the gas is the medium in between), the positive ions would drift toward one plate while the electrons would be attracted to the other. What would happen when the electrons and ions reach the...

First of all: I keep finding two equations that are supposedly showing the same reaction: 1) NAD+ +2e +H+ -> NADH 2) NAD+ +2e +2H+ -> NADH +H+ The first one suggests NAD carries around 2 electrons and one hydrogen ion The second one suggests NAD carries around 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen ions I...

Homework Statement Under certain conditions the interaction between a "polar" molecule such as HCl located at the origin and an ion located along the x-axis can be described by a potential energy U=−bhttps://s3.lite.msu.edu/adm/jsMath/fonts/cmmi10/alpha/144/char3D.pngx^2, where b is a...

In ion electron method to balance equation we have to follow steps ... i am doing it but here i am confusing how to do this ... There are two partial equations i have made in basic medium 1- H2PO2---------> H2PO3^-1 2-Fe(OH)3---------->Fe(OH)2 Now the second step is to balance the atoms By...

While studying the generation of electricity using hydrogen fuel cells, I came across a point that "The electrolyte is a thin, fragile sheet of acidic, solid organic polymer about 50 microns (2 thousandths of an inch) thick which permits the passage of Hydrogen ions but is impermeable to...

Homework Statement An ion has effective spin ħ. The spin interacts with a surrounding lattice so that: Hspin = A S2 z. I first had to write H as a matrix. Then i had to find the energy eigenvalues. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I figured j=1 and mj = 1,0,-1 S2 z = ħ2(1 0 0; 0...

Plain and simple, is it possible to create H+ Gas? For example, if you had H3O+ and heated it immensely, wouldn't it separate into H2O and H+? Wouldn't there then be a way to separate the H+ out?

I'm currently studying ion trap experiments, many papers suggest the cooling of trapped ions, and other papers say its a heating process. I know there's a difference as to what each refers but am unclear of the difference. I'll quote...

The charge of a single proton is the elementary charge of 1.6 * 10^-19 C, and the charge of an electron is the negative of the elementary charge, which is -1.6 * 10^-19 C. In an electroneutral atom or molecule, there are just as many protons as there are electrons, and so the net charge is 0 C...

Will an Ion generator work in space?? And how does it normalyl work? Does it push upon the ions in the air, or does it actually throw electrons, and this spins the rotor? This is an Ion generator:

The Scenario: Let's say one could have a lot of cations produced from a gas in a single plane contained in a 1 square foot area (like a fence around sheep). This plane of cations is over another one that is on the ground. So basically two layers of Cations in a tall hollow cube like...

Homework Statement A colorless solution is known to contain one of these ions. Which ion is present if adding dilute HCl produces a white precipitate that dissolves when the solution is warmed? (A) Ag+ (B) Cu2+ (C) Hg22+ (D) Pb2+ Homework Equations N/A The Attempt at a Solution I know it...

I figure that at large enough distances, the potential field of an ion is just the Coulomb potential for its net charge. But what happens at scales comparable to the ion's Bohr radius? Could there be, for example, some sort of screening effect from the electron shell that changes the potential...

My challenge is to provide a low-tech (DIY) way to purify the glycerol produced from soapmaking or biodiesel production. Simple distillation is out because the boiling point for glycerol is above its smoke point. Vacuum distillation and electrolysis do not count as low-tech. :) The input...

Hi all I am a 17 years old student and I want to make a ion chamber to measure the ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. My project will be connected to a balloon that will fly to a 30 km height. I am going to make our first prototype with my team it will be the most basic ion chamber: I...

If you draw lewis structure, central atom (N) will have 1 lone pair and 4 single bonds with Hydrogen. Why can't hydrogen in this ion molecule be able to form hydrogen bonding with other molecules alike? Is it because there's only 1 electron on the central atom?See for yourself: 5N + 4H -1 = 9...

Homework Statement An atom of 28_13 AI decays into stable nuclide 28_14 Si by emitiing a beta particle. What's 28_14 Si ? the ans given is positive ion? in my opinion, it should be a neutral atom... which is correct? Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution

What happens to the fill gas in an ionization chamber? Once incident radiation has created an ion pair, which has then moved to its opposite polarity electrode, is that ion pair removed from the fill gas? So if enough incident radiation is detected over a period of time all the gas would be...

Question Assuming the electric potential difference between the inside and outside of a cell is 70 mV and the thickness of the region across which this exists is 7 nm, calculate the acceleration a chlorine ion would experience in the absence of other forces. In the absence of other forces how...

Is it possible to use vacuum evaporation, sputtering and ion plating processes to coat the inside walls of holes and other hollow shapes of substrates? I wonder whether the source materials are ejected in the form of atoms or ions? Many books say atom but how can they travel to the substrate if...

Silly question lol But Is there any reaction if calcium ion added to calcium hydroxide? If NaOH or any alkali is added to metal ions, insoluble metal hydroxide is formed. So, what if weak alkali Calcium hydroxide is added to Calcium ion, what will it happen? Will it has no reaction just like...

hello to every on i m trying to desalinate seawater with an ion exchange membrane. the initial voltage of my simulation is 5 volt and it increase to 7 and 9Volt when i insert that data to Comsol it doesn't work and give the below error...

Homework Statement Nerve signals in the body occur when a small voltage, called an action potential, is applied across the membrane of a cell. When this action potential is applied across a region of the cell membrane called an ion channel, current in the form of moving potassium ions will be...

Okay you're going to have to forgive me but I'm new to all of this and I'm still getting a hang of this website(as well as having little or no education/experience in much of any physics beyond high school),but I was wondering if it would be possible to make a particle accelerator that used...

Hello PF, thanks for having me here. I am working in chemistry and we are building a atmospheric pressure drift tube ion mobility spectrometer. The drift tube consists of 20 stacked stainless steel electrodes insulated by PTFE spacers connected via a resistor chain (voltage divider) to produce...

To the best of my knowledge, thermal imaging (with a thermograph as the end results) is performed using arrays of thermopiles. This can become hugely expensive and is the reason fire services sometimes have trouble affording thermal imaging cameras. Snakes have heat sensitive ion channels...

I am planning to use the Panasonic NCR-18650 cylindrical cells for a BEV (Battery Electrical Vehicle). As it would be easier to buy ready-made modules, I have found a supplier selling a Li-ion pack that delivers 417 Wh(or in other words 11.6 Ah) at 36 V (something like what this guy uses...

Hi Physics Forums! I'm a bit stuck here. I'm fairly sure I intuitively know the answer here, but am looking for harder proof. The following question is in regards to my current research work (materials sci/eng). Does anyone know of a discussion of the displacement energy of an atom in a...

Good afternoon. I was going to make a 4.2v Lithium ion charger circuit, but so far what i have learned is, i will be needing constant current charger, so my question is what will happen if i charge with constant voltage? Like from a regulator maybe a linear one and i give like 4/4.1 volt...

I'm learning about a very basic model neuron, in which only potassium and chloride is permeable. Why is it that when the extracellular concentration of potassium is increased, the neuron become depolarized, whereas when extracellular concentration of chloride is reduced, the neural membrane...

O2 has two unpaired electrons, therefore it's quite strong paramagnetism. But what about (O2)-, the negatively charged O2 ion? Am I right in assuming that due to the additional electron one unpaired electron will get together with it, so that overall it should still be paramagnetic, but...

Q1what is ion implantation in wafer fabrication ? Ion implantation is process by which ion of material accelerated in electric field and impacted into silicon wafer Q2what is diffusion in wafer fabrication ?

A current flow occurs when there is movement of electron in a conductor. But in a electrolyte its the ions that move and we still say there is current flow. Are the electron flow in a conductor and ion flow in a electrolyte is the same?

Why is Fe(OH_{2})_{6}^{3+} fairly acidic? This iron has six water molecules coordinated to it. In other words, water itself is a very weak acid. But when water is coordinated to iron, it becomes more acidic. I can think of a few reasons; can you think of more? 1) Induction. The negative charge...

What is the funda behind the Elemental Composition Calculation of Cathode Material for Sodium / Lithium Ion Battery (Na2/3 Ni0.4 Mn0.4 Co0.2 O2)/ AMO2? Apart from the Oxidation state calculation, Phase Diagram Elimination of mixtures and Random Compistion, is there any Principle behind it?

Homework Statement The force between an ion pair is given by F=-k\alpha\frac{e^{2}}{r^{2}}[1-\left(\frac{r_{\circ}}{r}\right)^{m-1}] Find the value of r where the equilibrium position is. Determine the effective spring constant for small oscillations from the equilibrium. Using...

How would react ion of some gas (low energy anion or cation) in vicinity of a grounded metal surface or in vicinity of an insulator? I guess a free electron and cation would automaticly recombine. But I don't know the probability nor mechanisms (just tunneling?) for the same thing happening...

"Iron ion" If the question is too silly for this forum you can move it elsewhere, but after reading about this in a linguistic forum, I would like get the answer from anyone with some Chemistry background. How do people from England or from places with similar accent pronounce "iron ion"...

I was wondering whether you could trap a cation simply by putting it inside a positively charged sphere. Is this possible?