Process Definition and 1000 Threads

In bio we are learning about genetics; DNA replication, transcription and translation. The process from DNA to proteins is extremely, extremely complex (not understanding it, just the mechanics of it). It just seems like a weird thing to come up naturally. Now, I am not a believer in inteligant...

Decay processes are quite common in particle physics. Is the decay process always a ##1 \rightarrow n## process? In other words, can we call the reaction $$\mu^{-} + \mu^{+} \rightarrow \phi,$$ where ##\phi## is some scalar particle, the decay of the muon?

Consider the Lagrangian $$\mathcal{L}=\frac{1}{2}\partial_{\mu}h\partial^{\mu}h-\frac{1}{2}m^{2}h^{2}-\frac{\lambda}{3!}h^{3}$$ for a real scalar field ##h##. This is the Klein-Gordon Lagrangian with a cubic self-interaction term. Does this model allow the decay process $$h \rightarrow h +...

Consider the following momentum-space Feynman diagram https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Lepton-interaction-vertex-eeg.svg This Feynman diagram is the leading-order contribution to the any of the following processes: 1. ##e^{-} \rightarrow e^{+} + \gamma## 2. ##e^{+}...

is enthalpy change during isothermal process zero? if it is zero then what is the significance of enthalpies like enthalpy of vapourization or fussion since during phase transformation temperature remains constant.

I'll start off by saying that this isn't really a question about how to code, but about how you code personally. If there's a more appropriate forum for me to post in just let me know! A little exposition: I'm an illustration/ISTA major doing a project for a class that requires interviewing...

A diabatic process is defined as follows: Rapidly changing conditions prevent the system from adapting its configuration during the process, hence the spatial probability density remains unchanged. Typically there is no eigenstate of the final Hamiltonian with the same functional form as the...

Homework Statement Given two indistinguishable objects at the same initial temperature ##T_i##, calculate the minimum work done by a refrigerator functioning between the two objects till one of the objects reaches a new temperature ##T_2##, assume constant heat capacities and constant pressure...

Hawking area theorem says that area of black hole generally never decrease. Penrose process says that energy can be extracted from black hole. Energy extraction will decrease mass? if yes then if mass is decreased then will area also decrease? I am confusing things here :(

Homework Statement A 0.350 kg sample is placed in a cooling apparatus that removes energy as heat at a constant rate. The figure below gives the temperature T of the sample versus time t; the horizontal scale is set by Ts = 80.0 min. The sample freezes during the energy removal. The specific...

Homework Statement A monatomic ideal gas undergoes the thermodynamic process shown in the PV diagram. Determine whether each of the values ΔU, Q, and W for the gas is positive, negative, or zero. Homework Equations ΔU=Q-W W=integral under the curve PV=nRT T=PV/nR The Attempt at a Solution...

Homework Statement A turbine is driven by compressed air. The air enter the turbine with temperature ##T_1## and pressure ##P_1##. When the air leaves the turbine it's pressure is lowered to ##P_2##. Calculate the work done for one mol air. The expansion of the air can be seen as reversible...

Why does there tend to be disagreement on an irreversible adiabat entropy determination? Doesn't an irreversible adiabatic expansion increase the entropy of a system by the Clausius inequality?

Wolframalpha provides this solution: Wolfram|Alpha: Computational Knowledge EngineHowever when i compute the second term v2 = x2 - (x2.v1)/(v1.v1) * v1 The result is different from that of above. What's wrong? Wolfram|Alpha: Computational Knowledge Engine)

Homework Statement Show that for a gas obeying the van der Waals equation ##\left(P+\frac{a}{v^2}\right)(v-b)=RT##, with ##c_v## a function of ##T## only, an equation for an adiabatic process is $$T(v-b)^{R/c_v}=constant$$ Homework Equations ##TdS=c_vdT+T\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial...

guys, I have a very ımportant question. First let me introduce parameters: $$S^A_1 = \text{first arrival of A event}, and S^B_1= \text{first arrival of B event}, and S^C_1=\text{ first arrival of C event}$$, then probability of $$P(S^A_1<S^B_1) = \frac {\lambda_A} {\{ \lambda_A + \lambda_B \}...

Hi All, I'm working on a process involving induction heating. I'm heating up an irregular shape ss die to make a bond. My dilemma is in my understanding of where the eddy currents will be that generate the heat (based on skin effect). The clam shell die is pictured below. The right hand...

Homework Statement Inflate the tyre from 10 psig to 30 psig. Explain the process of mass and energy transfer in inflating tyre Homework Equations No equation The Attempt at a Solution I think there is no energy transfer on it process and there is only mass transfer. But i read some article...

Homework Statement A cylinder contains 0.250mol of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas at a temperature of 27.0∘C. The cylinder is provided with a frictionless piston, which maintains a constant pressure of 1.00atm on the gas. The gas is heated until its temperature increases to 127.0∘C. Assume that the...

In what follows I refer to the ideas of "Thermodynamic: Foundations and Applications" by Gyftoploulos and Beretta. The abbreviated form of my question is: In a reversible weight process, Ω1R-Ω2R = E1 - E2 (see eqn. 6.18, p. 99) is transferred out of the composite of a system A and a reservoir R...

Why do people base a new employees skill set based solely on degree and not the program they attended. For example, engineering is considered to be a marketable field. However, not all engineering programs are created equal. I understand that elite institutions will be preferred over the...

Hello, PF! I've been learning some process control on my own lately, and some questions have come to my head while on it. Consider the following on-off control loop: Let's say we want to control the temperature of the fluid inside the tank. We set up an on-off control loop and establish a...

Question: So I hold a Bachelor's degree in Chemistry and have just started a M.S./Ph.D. track in Chemical Engineering. My dream job is in mineral processing (the biggest dream is with an asteroid mining company), but I understand that the school I'm going to is heavily focused on drug discovery...

Homework Statement (a)How much heat must be added to a block of 0.120kg of frozen ammonia initially at 100oC to convert it to a gas at 80oC given the following information? (b) assuming this could be done using a reversible process what would be the total entropy change associated with this...

Consider a piston-cylinder arrangement with an ideal gas inside the cylinder. The region outside this arrangement or thermodynamic system is absolute vacuum. The piston has some mass and initially everything is in equilibrium. The inner surface of the cylinder is rough hence friction force comes...

What do you think? RU2563511 MICROBIOLOGICAL METHOD OF TRANSMUTATION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND CONVERSION OF ISOTOPES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS Viktor Kurashov, Tamara Sakhno SUBSTANCE: radioactive raw materials containing radioactive chemical elements or their isotopes, are treated with an aqueous...

In polytropic process if we know p1,v1,v2 and q(heat added in process) then what will be the value of p2 and the coff. Of expansion (n) ?

There had been a big time debate in my college between chemistry faculties and physics faculties on whether the following process is reversible or not. consider that there is some gas (assuming ideal gas) in a chamber with friction less piston of 5kg and 2 kg mass on top of it as shown in the...

I'm a bit confused about the following situation. In a irreversible thermodynamics process the molar heat of an ideal gas changes according to a function of the temperature, say ##c_v=f(T)## (which also leads to ##c_p=R+f(T)##) and I'm asked to determine the heat exchanged during that process...

In a adiabatic process (not necessarily reversible) from ##V_a## to ##V_b## the work can be written as $$W=\frac{p_aV_a-p_bV_b}{\gamma-1}$$ Where ##\gamma= \frac{c_p}{c_v}## Suppose that the adiabatic process in question (again, not necessarily reversible, so ##pV^{\gamma}## can also not be...

I came up with a doubt regarding isochoric irreversible processes. Is it always true that, for any isochoric process, reversible or not, the work exchanged by the system is zero and the heat exchanged is ##Q=\Delta U##? I'm asking this because, in a exercise on thermodynamics trasformations of...

What is the change in entropy of thermodynamic environment if it changes its temperature during the process and the process is not reversible? I'm slightly confused because, on the one side, in that case ##\Delta S_{gas} \neq -\Delta S_{surroundings}##, since ##\Delta S_{universe} >0## but on...

Hi All, I have a little query concerning the derivation of PV γ = constant. In my textbook of Physics, first they give the equation for adiabatic process using the first law of Thermodynamics, as; dEint = W → (1) where, ΔEint ⇒ change in internal energy and W ⇒ workdone Then, they used...

Consider a sample consisting of {y1,y2,...,yk} realisations of a random variable Y, and let S(k) denote the variance of the sample as a function of its size; that is S(k)=1/k( ∑ki=1(yi−y¯)2) for y¯=1/k( ∑ki=1 yi) I do not know the distribution of Y, but I do know that S(k) tends to zero as k...

Wet bulb temperature is the lowest thermodynamic temperature of air that can be achieved at ambient condition, by creating 100% relative humidity in the immediate surrounding of the thermometer using cotton wick. As Wikipedia says "By contrast, the dew point is the temperature to which the...

Hi everyone, I am a bit confused about the Penrose Process. Let's say a particle with energy E at infinity arrives in the ergoregion of a Kerr black hole and then it decays into two photons. One of them has L_1<0 and E_1<0 and hence it falls towards the singularity, while the other has L_2>0...

Hi, I am studying the Higgs discovery and I've got a doubt. One of the process used to discover Higgs is the decay H -> γγ in 2 photons. At LHC there are detectors of photons that can measure energy and momentum of them. So if you measure the energy and the momentum of both, you can calculate...

Homework Statement This is probably a real easy task for most, but I simply CANNOT manage to calculate it, even given the correct answer. I will translate it as best I can and hope I don't phrase it in a way that causes misunderstandings: 12 Moles of an ideal gas go through an Isobaric...

Homework Statement I picked a nuclear power plant. I spent a bit of time researching what the basic process is and that's what I've arrived at so far. I'm not certain if the answer is complete/decent, it seems like a very complex process which even for 'point form' could be a page of...

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Homework Equations [/B] The Attempt at a Solution [/B]

X = # of cars that pass in one hour E(X) = λ = n * p λ cars/1hour = 60min/hour * (λ/60) cars/min In this old video (5:09) on poisson process Sal asks: "What if more than one car passes in a minute?" "We call it a success if one car passes in one minute, but even if 5 cars pass, it counts as 1...

Hello I encountered a problem in which it is specify that there are 2 time-ordered diagram for the s-channel for a certain process a+b->c+d. I understand that there is the one that can be associated with annihilation, but what would be a second one? Thank you!

Homework Statement Let R2 have the Euclidean inner product and use the Gram-Schmidt process to transform the basis {u1,u2} into an orthonormal basis. u1 = (1,-3) u2 = (2,2) Homework Equations Gram-Schmidt process: \\v_1 = u_1 \\v_2= u_2 - \frac{\left ( \left \langle u_2, v_1\right \rangle...

Can someone point me to the seminal (or any other) paper explicitly showing and proving the formation of singularities in black holes? I'd like to learn about the exact physical processes which occur during the collapse of a star into a black hole and how the progress of those physical...

I make no promises: I came up with this idea for a new kind of nuclear fusion reactor. I do not want to give off any clues to how it works so I am going to be as vague as possible. I think it could be a viable means to nuclear fusion becoming... well, breakeven. I have by no means tested it...

Homework Statement Hi ! I'm stuck with these two questions of my assignment of thermodynamics - Give two exemples of irreversible process (initial state, process, final state) - For each of them, explain why they are irreversible on the microscopic scale. Homework Equations We are not asked...

I find really confused about the adiabatic process. According to my textbook, adiabatic process is a process in which no heat is allowed to flow into or out of a system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, change in internal energy=heat added to system- work done by system,so change...

A steady state distillation process is shown diagrammatically as FIGURE 1. Assuming no heat losses to the atmosphere: (i) Write four balanced equations for this system. (ii) Identify where any constitutive equations may be required for the modelling processes.There are two states that I can...

Hello all. I have a quick question about entropy... I've just been formally introduced to it. Consider the example of a metal block of mass m and heat capacity Cp at temperature T1 = 60C being dropped into a large lake of temperature T2 = 10C. $$\Delta S_{block} =...

Hopefully I can get away with not describing the mechanics of the process. In general, if there is degradation of a solution via oxidisation, the process is not always purely oxidising, there can be other factors at work i.e. degradation may cause the solution to become hydrophobic and change...