Voltage Definition and 1000 Threads

I have created a voltage adder using this circuit where Va and Vb are the input voltages. And Vout is between the emitter and the resistor. How can I modify it to a voltage substractor?

I've been researching dielectric breakdown for a while and came across this interesting experiment: https://tore.tuhh.de/bitstream/11420/1160/1/Size_dependence_of_the_dielectric_breakdown_strength_from_nano_to_millimeter_scale_TUB_Doc_version.pdf 0.3mm of BaTiO3 was placed between two...

Hi, friends, I have two queries. I read somewhere that 1. In class B mode higher plate efficiency (tube amp) permits the use of smaller power supplies...and 2.For low level signals a low voltage supply is used, but as the signal level increases, so a high voltage supply is utilised. Q1. what...

I'm trying to understand the physical reason why when you drive an ideal inductor (no series resistance) with an ideal voltage step input (no series resistance), e.g. some Vin(t) = V0u(t), the output current will be a linear ramp. I can see how to derive this from the inductor equation, v = L...

Here is a circuit diagram: . We have three capacitors, with capacitances ##C_1##, ##C_2## and ##C_3##. Plates are labelled as ##A_1, A_2, A_3 ... A_6##. Point P is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and point N is connected to the negative terminal of the...

Known: V source = 30.0 V , R1 = 15.0 W, R2 = 15.0 W, R3 = 15.0 W To determine the current, first find the equivalent resistance. I = Vsource/R and R = RA + RB = Vsource/RA + RB 30.0 V/15.0 W + 15.0 W + 15.0 W = 1.5 A This is as far as I could do the work for this question. I’m having trouble..

Im unsure if I am on the correct track or have gone off on a tangent. Any help or guidance would be appreciated. CMRR=20log10(Adiff/Acm) 120=20log10(10^5/Acm) 120/20=log10(100,000/Acm) 6=log10(100,000/Acm) taking antilogs 1,000,000=100,000/Acm Acm=100,000/1,000,000 Acm=0.1Max amplified...

I know only these relevant equations for power. But here there is a different situation, we have a parallel plates which we don't have to know I current. How should I think of about this? I wonder if it can be thought of a capasitor or something? Assume that also we know E, B and velocity .

I'm confused as I'm aware speed is directly proportional to the EMF, but is it proportional to the voltage as well? If the speed of a DC generator is halved and everything else is remaining constant the EMF will have so will the output voltage half

All the references I find refer to safely charging lithium cells by a method like this: https://www.powerstream.com/li.htm The next page shows the effects on capacity of charging to less than the 4.2 V terminal cell voltage. For example, charging to 4.0 V still provides 73% of the capacity...

While searching for something else, I stumbled upon this https://robu.in/product/voltage-sensor-module/. It is idiotic to buy something like this, because a voltage divider doesn't cost more than a few cents. But what is the metallic circular component in the middle of the sensor? Some kind of...

I feel like i am spinning my wheels at the start here. so I figured that i would start with some type of wire loop that I could change its diameter. This would allow there to be a change in flux through the loop creating a current through the wire. i could then read the current through the...

Well i don't you to solve the question for me but I want you to clarify the concepts pertaining to this question. My question is how do I write a equation for the circuit since the there is same charge on one of the capacitors. While writing the equation should i put the voltage across the...

Summary:: I say the answer is A because these are reactive components that take and give back energy from the circuit so no voltage drop across the 2- L & C. Please let me know yours thoughts- thanks Hello I am a newby to electronics taking a class. Please review my thinking on this problem. I...

In my opinion, the voltage across the C1 should be 9V as the potential on the side of the positive plate of the capacitor should be (15-6)V and on the other be 0V. Similarly the potential across C2 should be (7-0)V. Here I'm basically assuming that the voltage at the negative terminals of the...

I am given that all the BJTs are the same. First of all, when finding node voltages like Vref should I make the node voltage a voltage source first and then do circuit analysis? If so then I would use KVL but that does not give me Vref = 2Vbe. I do know that Vref = Vb1 = Vb2. What am I doing...

I'm trying to maintain a spec requirement of less than 3% drop from farthest pin to closest pin from source. I'used the entire layer for copper but my oart does not require such a large pour accept to handle high current. So I'm considering there's a trade off that should meet inthe middle of...

I see that ##V_{ac}=V_{ab}+V_{bc}##, with ##V_{ab}=I_1R_1=I_2R_2## and ##V_{bc}=I_3R_3##. However, I don't see how to express mathematically the maximum value of ##V_{ac}##. Could someone please help me with this task?

This is in python: #ELECTRIC POTENTIAL from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D from matplotlib import cm import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt dx = 0.1 dy = 0.1 xrange=np.arange(-1,1,dx) yrange=np.arange(-1,1,dy) X,Y = np.meshgrid(xrange, yrange) max_dV = 10e-5 blockRadius = 3...

I don’t know the ratio of the CT. I’m just looking for an explanation on this. I thought in order to measure output voltage you need to pass the current through a resistor and read the voltage drop. A co worker put 400a through the CT and measured 130v. Something just seems off to me. Can you...

Suppose I have a galvanic cell, where I've arbitrarily set the (-) anode to have a potential of zero volts and the (+) cathode to ##\epsilon## V. The electrodes are connected via the load, but also via the solutions and salt bridge in the centre. Edit: The two trailing wires are connected to a...

Good Day Hi all, I am doing a project with the standard lab about measuring equipotential surfaces with conductive paper, a voltmeter, and a power supply. I have a couple of questions about this project. I attach a jpeg of the equations for voltage calculations in the file “Equations.jpeg”...

I was reading about ideal current and voltage amplifiers and the book says that an ideal current amplifier should have 0 input impedance and infinite output impedance while an ideal voltage amplifier should have an infinite input impedance and 0 output impedance. I am not quite sure I...

Here are a few problems I have been trying which are shown below Here is what I have done The correct answers for these Q's are: I'm not sure what I have done wrong for Q4, I assumed that all 12 cells were connected in series thus each individual emf sums up to 24V Similarly the...

In my attempt, I tried 1) I1 = I2 + I3 Then set up these two equations based on Kirchhoff's second rule: 2) U1 = R1 (I2) + R3 (I3) and 3) U1 + U2 = R1 (I1) + R2 (I3). From what we have 10 = 0.1* I_2 + 0.2 * I_3 22 = 0.1* I_2 + 0.02*I_3 I_3 = 50 - 0.5 I_2 That means I_2 = 233.3 A I_3 = -66.7A...

I really don't have any clue why the total voltage is equal to the voltage drop over the 3 Ω and 2 Ω resistors and independent of the 4 Ω resistor . Does it have to do with parallel circuits?

Hi everyone! I ask some help in understanding better the concept of voltage. The voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points ##a## and ##b##. It is defined as However, I'm a bit confused with the use of notation: - Is ##V_{ab}## the same as ##\Delta{V}##, or rather...

In my idea the tension change after connecting the circuit to a battery is immediate, while the current takes some time before moving. That should be sufficient to prove my question but, so why in a RC circuit the opposite happens?

I honestly don't know how to quite even begin this problem. Looking at Fig 3-2, the slopes of the graphs are 1/R, and hence where the slopes are 0, we have infinite resistance, in which case current wouldn't flow through that resistor and hence simplify the circuit. So I was trying to find...

From the circuit I have: ##-v_b + v_a + V = 0## ##v_b - V = v_a## ##i_1 = (v_b - V)/R_1## ##I + i_2 = i_1## ##(v_b - V)/R_1 = I + v_b/R_2## From this last equation I get ##v_b = 10.8## and hence ##v_a = 5.8##. However, apparently that is wrong. (And hence my answers to #2 were all wrong as...

I don't get this. Since we have analyzed the circuit separately for each source, adding them should give me the final values of I1, V2, I2, V1 etc. However, that's not quite true—from cases 1 and 2, I should have I1 = 4 + 5 = 9 mA, but it's 8mA. Hence, I thought that the black box consumes 1mA...

I am having a hard time solving this. Letting \$i\$ be the current flowing into ##R_3##, ##i_1## the current flowing through ##R_1## and ##i_2## the current through ##R_1##—and the node between R3 and R1 be e_1; Using KVL and KCL, I've managed to find that ##i + I = i_1 + i_2## Hence...

I have no problem getting the ##R_{TH}## since from the special element's POV, the resistors are in parallel, and that's the answer. However, I don't really understand how to get ##V_{TH}##. Ignoring the special element, it seems that I have the resistors in series this time. But I'm not too...

I don't really understand or see the correct way to approach this. Letting the current in question be ##i_x## (as shown in Fig. 1), and the unknown (changing) resistance be $R_x$, I can write: ##-V_s + R_s i_s + i_x R_x = 0##, and ##R_p i_p = i_x R_x##. Hence we can also write ##-V_s + R_s i_s...

In a field effect transistor, does the threshold voltage decrease with increasing temperature? Imagine that there would be an increase in thermally generated carriers and thus the device would reach saturation faster? I realize the mobility would decrease, but the increase of thermal carriers...

The concepts of current and voltage are not difficult for me to understand. What I am having difficulty understanding, is what causes it? What causes there to be a potential difference so that when I plug my toaster in, electricity flows through it? How is there constantly a potential...

According to the attached image, the dielectric strength of Mylar film decreases with increasing film thickness. My question is if this trend is also present for when films are stacked or if the film can be stacked arbitrarily high with the same breakdown voltage as a single layer.

Hello, I have been reading about impedance matching as being the main requirement to ensure maximum "power" transfer from one part of a circuit to another: the two electric systems ##A## and ##B## need to have complex conjugate impedance so only 50% of the energy is reflected back at their...

I assume that because there is a resistance, the polarity of the voltage must be the same as the charge flow, and thus the current, in order for energy to flow in the same direction. For instance, could I use the example of a light bulb (the resistor) plugged into AC lines; we know that if the...

I need to create a powersupply that takes in a +5 and -5v and has an adjustable output that varies between -2 and +2 v using one potentiometer. I already came up with a design myself but it did not work. I need some help figuring this out. I think my idea for how to get specific positive or...

So something weird just happened along the way in my experiment, here is a little background of what I'm doing. I have created a roughly 3x5mm inner diameter rectangular shaped channel for MHD liquid testing for one other project of mine, it's a simple conduction type MHD pump where the...

Summary:: What if you were calculating the voltage potential for a dipole, but underwater? I'm making a predictive model (in R programming) for the voltage potential at any point around a dipole. I need to be able to change parameters, one being the k constant. V=( kpcosѲ)/(r^2). Where V is...

In a closed circuit the battery sets up a potential difference which causes charge to flow. I understand potential difference as the measure of electric potential energy per unit charge, the amount of energy required to move a charge from one point to another per charge. for example when a...

I already found ##I(t)## using Kirchhoff's laws, I got the equation ##V-RI-L\frac{dI}{dt}=0\Rightarrow L\frac{dI}{dt}=V-RI## then I solved the differential equation getting ##I(t)=\frac{V}{R}\left[1-e^{-\frac{R}{L}t}\right]##. My problem is founding the voltage as a function of time ##V(t)##, I...

So this is a problem from the legendary Razavi book "Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits" (Specifically, it is the problem 7.7 (c)). I got the solutions online but when I try to calculate the noise expression myself, I don't arrive at the same result. Lambda is assumed zero for neglecting...

By combining the formula for the reactance of a capacitor with Ohm's Law for a capacitor, I can solve for angular frequency, and divide by 2π to find frequency. The resulting equation is: f = I/(2π VC) Using the given values, I end up with 5.2 kHz, instead of the correct answer of 5.2 MHz. I...

Homework Statement: Figure shows two mutually coupled coils, for which L11= L22 = 3 + 2/3x (mH) L12 = L21 = 1/3x (mH) where x is in meters, (a) If i1 = 5 A dc and i2 = 0, what is the mutual electrical force between the coils at x = 0.01 m? ( b ) If i1 = 5 A dc and the second coil is...

I tried to solve it by loop currents. So on the left mesh the loop current ##I_1## goes clockwise and on the right mesh the loop current ##I_2## goes counterclockwise. I ended up with the following equations: 1) ##V_1-R_1(I_1+I_2)-R_2I_1=0##; 2) ##V_2-R_3I_2-R_1(I_1+I_2)=0##. To find the...

Hello, Here's the example I'm looking at now. I am wondering if I swap ground and Node C... will this still be correct? I can see how it's more useful to have ground where it is above, but I'd still like to know if it would work for a swap of C and GND. Here's my work trying this: Does...