Tag Archive for: General

Interview with Physics Mentor: Stevendaryl
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Give us a brief history on stevendaryl
I was born and raised in the American South, mostly living in Georgia. It's a Southern tradition, for some reason,…

Spotting Fake Science News: Wendelstein 7‑X & Media
Fake News, Data, and the Need to Check Sources
During and even after the recent US election campaign, numerous reports of fake or misleading news were…

Real Research in Unexpected Places: Backyards, Barns, Bayous
Challenging the Myth of Institutional Labs
21st-century science labors under the myth that good experimental science requires expensive lab facilities…

Stephen Hawking Quiz: Think You Know Stephen Hawking?
Stephen Hawking has been a giant in the science world for decades. He has been a accessible figure with his willingness to reach out to the public in various…

Why Study Physics? A Bit Goes a Long Way!
Why Study Physics?
If you don’t plan to become a scientist or an engineer, is there a good reason to study physics? I say, “Yes,” because knowing…

Tripod Guide: Parts, Types, and Uses for Photographers
Click for complete series
Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: Compact Point and Shoot
Part 3: DSLR
Part 4: TripodsWhy use a tripod?
…

DSLR Guide: Lenses, Aberrations, Filters & Techniques
Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: Compact Point and Shoot
Part 3: DSLR
Part 4: TripodsI'm ready for a DSLR!
These cameras were originally designed…

Astrophotography: Mounts, Tracking & Image Processing
Series linksPart 1: Introduction to Astrophotography
Part 2: Intermediate Astrophotography
Part 3: Advanced AstrophotographyMotivation
"I’ve…

Astrophotography Guide: Equipment, Exposure & Processing
Complete Series
Part 1: Introduction Astrophotography
Part 2: Intermediate Astrophotography
Part 3: Advanced Astrophotography
Level…

Astrophotography Guide: Beginner to Advanced Tips & Gear
Part 1: Introduction to Astrophotography
Part 2: Intermediate Astrophotography
Part 3: Advanced AstrophotographySeries & prerequisites
For…

Interview with Science Advisor DrChinese
We are pleased to share with you an interview with PF Science Advisor and one of our founding members: DrChineseWho is DrChinese and share some early…

Fixing Scientific Integrity: Teachers, Editors, and Data
Introduction
The article, "Governmental policy is wrecking science," makes some interesting points but is fundamentally in error, because government…

Digital Camera Buyer’s Guide: Bridge Cameras
Click for complete seriesPart 1: Introduction
Part 2: Compact Point and Shoot
Part 3: DSLR
Part 4: TripodsWho this guide is for
This…

David J. Griffiths Interview: Teaching Quantum Mechanics
We are pleased to introduce David J. Griffiths, one of the most successful physics textbook authors. Odds are if you studied physics in college, you've…

Ultimate Digital Camera Buyer’s Guide: Compacts, DSLR and Tripods
Introduction
Who this guide is for
First, congratulations! Camera technology has advanced to the point where a complete novice, using an entry-level…

Digital Camera Buyer’s Guide — Choose the Best Camera
Complete seriesIntroduction
Overview
First, congratulations! Camera technology has advanced so much that a complete novice using an entry-level camera…

Name the Science Photo Quiz
Summer is almost over, but the fun doesn't have to stop! Take a look at the photos below and see if you can identify them. Post your score in the comment…

Why Road Capacity Is Almost Independent of the Speed Limit
Introduction
Let us start with a familiar situation. Take a familiar part of a road, for example, the one from your home to work. How long will it take…

So I Am Your Intro Physics Instructor
I posted this elsewhere (on my blog), and someone mentioned that maybe it might also be useful here on PF. So I'm reproducing the entire entry here in…

Hardware, Software, and C Programming Quality Tips
On Hardware Quality
Designing Quality vs Testing
It is impossible to test quality into a product. Quality must be designed into the product.
Production…

Did the Big Bang Have a Center? The Physics Explained
The Big Bang did not happen at a single point in space, so it has no center. Standard cosmological models based on general relativity treat the Big Bang…

Interview with a Physics Mentor: Nugatory
Give us a little background on yourself?
I was born in Washington DC, grew up in Texas, bachelor's in physics from Harvard in 1978 but found a career…

Why Your Software is Never Perfect
Introduction
We occasionally have students ask for help on software, "My software is perfect, but it doesn't work!" Your software is never perfect. My…

Why Math Self-Study Projects Fail (And How to Avoid It)
Most self-study math projects fail for a handful of predictable reasons: mismatched help, rushing through material, discouragement from slow visible progress,…

Mathematical Irrationality for Dummies
On one of my restless wanderings around the Internet, I came upon a collection of proofs of the statement that the square root of 2 is an irrational…

Sean Carroll Interview: Cosmology, Books & Insights
We are pleased to introduce Sean Carroll. Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist at Caltech specializing in cosmology and quantum mechanics. He has a…

High School Physics: Courses, Resources, and Prep Guide
Why High School Physics Matters
A year-long high school Physics course is important preparation for all college majors in science, engineering, and medicine…

Moon Quiz: Test Yourself on the Moon
For ages it has been Earth's little sister. Find out just how much you know about the Moon and our relationship with it. Please post your score in the…

Peter Krautzberger on MathJax — Accessibility & Future
We are pleased to introduce Peter Krautzberger. Peter is a manager for MathJax, the technology behind the display of equations on Physics Forums.
"The…

Roger Babson & the Gravity Research Foundation History
Roger Babson and His War on Gravity
In the early 20th century, an eccentric businessman named Roger Babson declared gravity to be mankind's greatest…

Top High School College-Prep Math Options & Resources
The popularity of homeschooling and failures of the public schools often present the need for parents to teach or supplement college preparatory math courses…

Interview with Chemical Physicist: DrClaude
DrClaude is a mentor at Physics Forums!What brought you to Sweden from Canada?
Life, the Universe, and Everything. While in Canada, I was offered the…

PeterDonis Interview – Physics Mentor on Science & Tech
PeterDonis is a Physics Mentor at Physics Forums.
About PeterDonis
I have been interested in science since childhood. I hold two degrees in Nuclear Engineering…

Low IQ or Bad Grades? Why You Can Still Succeed in Math
No, a low IQ score, poor competition results, or weak high-school grades do not disqualify anyone from succeeding in mathematics, physics, or engineering.…

Why Won’t You Look at My New Theory?
In any forum where science is discussed, there will always be people who have a great new personal theory and can't understand why no one else is interested…

University Math for High Schoolers: Where to Start
High school students who want a taste of university-level mathematics before they graduate can start now with subjects like abstract algebra, linear algebra,…

Power Grid Cyber Resilience: Risks and Defenses Explained
Click for Series ListPart 1: The Basics
Part 2: Network Analysis
Part 3: Cyber ResilienceIntroduction
Power system security is much too big…

Why Night-Sky Stars Often Appear Brighter Than the Sun
Are most visible stars brighter than the Sun?
A couple of weeks back, a thread was started about whether or not most of the stars we see at night are…

Guide to Successful Science Fair Projects & Mentoring
Abstract
Over the past few years, the author and his wife have served as teachers, qualified scientists, mentors, and/or parents on dozens of science projects…

Carlo Rovelli Interview: Insights on Physics & Life
Please give us a bit of background on your life and professional experience
Life: Born and educated in Italy; I then spent 10 years in the United States…

PF Insights Scavenger Hunt
Have you been keeping up with reading each PF Insight? Let's find out! Every question's answer can be found in a PF Insight. Hint links are included if…

John Baez Interview — Math, Climate & the Anthropocene
Read part 1 of this interview.
Tell us about your experience with past projects like "This Week's Finds in Mathematical Physics".
I was hired by U.C.…

John Baez Interview — Mathematical Physicist & Networks
We are proud to introduce you to Mathematical Physicist and PF member John Baez!
Give us some background on yourself
I'm interested in all kinds of mathematics…

The Monographic Substitution Cipher: From Julius Caesar to the KGB
A monographic substitution cipher works by replacing individual characters of plaintext with corresponding characters of ciphertext. It is perhaps the…

Garrett Lisi: E8 Theory, Surfing & Physics Interview
Garrett Lisi is a theoretical physicist and Physics Forums member who developed the E8 Theory, a proposed geometric framework for unifying particle physics…

How PET Scans Work: Positrons in Medical Imaging Explained
Practical applications of fundamental theoretical physics
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Less often, people ask about potential applications of anti-matter.…

Interview with an Electrical Engineer: Berkeman
Can you give us a brief history of berkeman?
I grew up in a military family (my dad was an Army colonel), so we moved all over the place when I was a…

Interview with a Chemist: Borek
Give us a brief history of Borek
Note: text below is of a negative pedagogical value, don't read it if you are younger than 20, attending school or still…

Interview with a Physicist: ZapperZ
This is a new Interview category for Insights. While I line up some great new interviews I’ll be migrating some previous mentor interviews.
ZapperZ…

Which Scientist Said What Quiz
Think you know your famous science quotes? Let's find out in this 12 question quiz. There are no prizes, so it doesn't pay to Google. Try your best on…

Interview with a Biophysicist: Andy Resnick
Let me introduce you to Andy Resnick, a long time Science Advisor at Physics Forums.Tell us a little bit about how you developed an interest in biophysics
…

Exponents Explained: Irrational and Imaginary Powers
What Is the General Definition of Exponentiation?
Exponentiation is defined for all real and imaginary exponents using the formula xy = ey ln(x), where…

Knut Lundmark and the Forgotten Dark Matter Discovery
Background: textbook accounts
Look in your standard cosmology textbook (in my case, the closest one at hand is Barbara Ryden's Introduction to Cosmology)…

Interview with a Physicist: Doc Al
This is a new Interview category for Insights. While I line up some great new interviews I’ll be migrating some previous mentor interviews.
Doc Al is…

Russ Watters: Astrophotography & HVAC Engineer Mentor
This is a new Interview category for Insights. While I line up some great new interviews, I'll be migrating some previous mentor interviews.
About Russ…

Thoughts on the Complexity of Modern Science
Science today is incredibly complex. Anyone who ever did scientific research knows that, but many in the general public seem to be completely unaware of…

Exploration into the Physics of Rainbows
For several years, I have been contemplating this beautiful picture by photographer Brian McPhee. I have a personal interest in the photograph because…

Frequently Made Errors in Climate Science – The Greenhouse Effect
1.What is meant by "The Greenhouse Effect"?
Many gases, such as H2O, CO2, CH4, are transparent to visible light but absorb and emit parts of the infrared…

Ice Quiz: All About Ice Trivia
Ice is the solid form of water, and understanding its basic properties (freezing point, density, crystal structure) helps explain everything from why it…

What Causes Cancer: Bad Luck or Bad Lifestyles?
What causes cancer?
For the most part, cancer is a disease that arises from mutations in the body that accumulate over time. These mutations knock…

Trials and Tribulations of a Physicist who Became a Math Geek
How did I go from the brink of changing my major from physics to ceramics (no more math) to the Math faculty of the Air Force Academy? How did I go from…

How Does an Airplane Wing Work? A Primer on Lift
Many people ask how an airplane wing works, and several answers are commonly given. You might have even seen vigorous arguments between proponents…

Simple Python Debugging with Pdb: Part 2
This Insight article is the continuation of the first article, Simple Python Debugging with Pdb: Part 1.In this article, let's look at another important…

Learn Simple Python Debugging with Pdb
I'm pretty new to Python, so I was looking around for some debugging tools. At first, I dismissed Pdb (Python debugger) as being too primitive, but after…

A Guide to Going Back to School For Math or Science
Motivations for creating the series
I came to Physics Forums originally to read ZapperZ’s thread about becoming a physicist back in 2013. It was one…

Self-Study High School Math: Best Books & Order to Learn
To self-study high school mathematics in a logical sequence, most learners should progress through basic algebra, then synthetic geometry, then trigonometry,…

How to Self-Study Mathematics: A Step-by-Step Guide
Self-studying mathematics is achievable for most learners willing to commit to daily, consistent practice rather than occasional cramming. Success depends…

Have Scientists Seen an Electron? How We Detect Them
Have Scientists Seen an Electron? Why Seeing Isn't Enough
This article is not about literally seeing a single electron with your eye; it addresses the…

Blockworld and Its Foundational Implications: The Relativity of Simultaneity and Blockworld
In part 1 of this 5-part Insights series, I introduced two consequences of the second postulate of special relativity (SR): time dilation…

Blockworld and Its Foundational Implications: Time Dilation and Length Contraction
This is the first in a 5-part series of Insights that will introduce blockworld (aka "block universe”) and use it to address a puzzle…

Atomic Positioning with DNA Hinges
I was perusing the Nature Nanotechnology website today when I came across an interesting article by Funke and Dietz, called "Placing molecules with Bohr…

Why 1 = 0.999…: Four Simple Proofs Explained
Yes, 1 and 0.999... are exactly the same real number, not merely two numbers that happen to be extremely close. This surprises many people because 0.999...…

Can We See an Atom?
Introduction
In this article I discuss how images of atoms are made, what exactly we are looking at, and what it means to "see" an atom. Over the decades…

PF’s policy on Lorentz Ether Theory and Block Universe
What is the PF's policy on Lorentz Ether Theory and Block Universe?Debates about the superiority or "truth" of modern Lorentz Ether Theory (LET) and…

Doubt vs. Discouragement: A Physics Student’s Calculus Story
Overcoming discouragement means recognizing that another person's doubt about your ability is not evidence of your limits. The author failed a calculus…

Pluto Quiz: Test Your New Horizons Mission Knowledge
This quiz tests reader knowledge of NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto, covering key facts and discoveries reported during the mission's flyby coverage.…

The Balloon Analogy Explained: Cosmic Expansion Without a Center
The balloon analogy uses pennies glued to an inflating balloon to show two ideas from modern cosmology: that unbound regions of the universe expand roughly…

Why Is Acceleration Due to Gravity a Constant?
This question has popped up many times. So here is an attempt to address it.To answer this question at the elementary level, several assumptions will…

How Evolution Works: Variation, Inheritance, Selection
Evolution is the process by which populations of organisms change over generations through three interacting mechanisms: random genetic variation, inheritance…

How to Overcome Procrastination: 8 Proven Methods
Procrastination is a predictable pattern of avoidance behavior, not simply laziness or poor time management. It splits into two main types: anxious procrastination,…

Why Imagination Without Knowledge Is Ignorance Waiting to Happen
Introduction
My feelings on people who think that imagination is more important than knowledge are well-known. These people simply are parroting Einstein's…

Apollo Moon Missions: Eugene Cernan and the Final Landing
Eugene Cernan became the last person to walk on the moon on December 11, 1972, during NASA's Apollo 17 mission, closing out a nine-mission lunar exploration…

The Concept of Zero: History, Rules, and Why 0/0 Fails
Zero is neither positive nor negative, is defined as the additive identity so that x + 0 = x for every number x, and produces 0 when multiplied by any…

What Happens When You Flip the Light Switch: From Zero Seconds to 20 Years
Introduction
Few people know what happens when a customer does something like flipping a light switch. The full explanation requires descriptions of topics…

Will All Matter Be Converted to Photons?
Will all matter be converted into black holes and then photons?
No. There is a misconception that a lot of laypeople seem to be picking up recently from…

Do Photons have Mass?
Do photons have mass?
The quick answer: NOCommon source of confusion
However, this is where it gets a bit confusing for most people. This is because,…

Why You Should Not Use Wikipedia As Your Primary Source
It is no secret to anyone who has read my posts in this forum for a while that I do not like Wikipedia. I think that there is a fundamental flaw with the…

The Most Important Thing You Can Learn from Physics Forums
Introduction
It is a bit pompous of me to think that I can tell you the most important thing you can learn from Physics Forums (PF). After all, each…

False Physics Major Dichotomy: Theorist or Experimentalist?
Figure showing links between ballistic pressure waves and traumatic brain injury.Many physics majors believe that pursuing a Ph.D. in…

How Well Do You Know Isaac Newton? Take the Quiz
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was an English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists in history.…

Teaching Math: Why “Obvious” Beats Memorized Rules
Teaching math well means teaching students to ask "why" until an idea feels inevitable, not just memorizing rules. A math teacher's central goal is to…

Should You Do Science for Love or for Money
While I served on the math faculty of the US Air Force Academy, we invited numerous cadets to participate in self-funded research…

Large Hadron Collider Quiz: Test Your CERN Knowledge
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator, built by CERN beneath the France-Switzerland border near Geneva. It began…

Entering Physics Graduate School Without a Physics Degree
Can you enter physics graduate school without a physics degree?
I decided to write about this because it is a very common question on many physics forums:…

Frequently Made Errors in Heat: Elementary Level
1. Heat, Work, Internal Energy, and Kinetic Energy
"If heat is the motion of molecules, why isn't it Kinetic Energy?"In everyday use, we may think…

A Definition and Controversy of Energy
[CONTENT]
What is energy?
Energy is a fundamental concept that refers to the capacity of a system to do work. It is a scalar quantity, meaning it has magnitude…

Careers with a Physics Degree: Alternatives & Advice
Full Chapter List - So You Want To Be A Physicist... Series
Part I: Early Physics Education in High schools
Part II: Surviving the First Year…

Physics Blogs You Need to Be Reading
These are some of the best physics blogs, updated regularly, written by some of the top minds. The feeds are updated on page refresh, so bookmark this…

How to Scientifically Measure How Many Days Are in a Year
How many days are there in a year?
Ask pretty much anyone and they will tell you 365, except for leaps years which have 366. In addition,…

Understanding the US Physics Graduate School System
Full Chapter List - So You Want To Be A Physicist... Series
Part I: Early Physics Education in High schools
Part II: Surviving the First Year…
