Tomorrows' Big Bang
My quest started by a simple question, “How is the universe made and how does it works?”
As you can see in my blog, many have asked this question and there are many different approaches to try to get an answer.
I get my pleasure from seeking the answers.
I have been trying to understand how the universe is made by looking at the recent scientific papers and the many approaches that are being used.
Here is what I have learned since coming to this forum. This is based on the speculations in the scientific papers.[/b]
PHASE I – SCALARS
Only massless 2d Scalars exist. The first fluctuations would be between 24 planck units and the GUT scale. Minimum length is maintained. [1]
PHASE CHANGE - The GUT scale is a phase change for the 2d massless scalars. An additional symmetry is revealed. Minimum length has increased to a minimum of the GUT scale.
PHASE II - SCALARS
Scalars fluctuate between the GUT scale and 10^-18. [2]
PHASE CHANGE - 10^-18. 30% of the massless scalars are transformed to a quark-gluon liquid, CGC (Color Glass Condensate).
PHASE III – MIXED - UNCONFINED quark-gluon LIQUID PLASMA [3]
The 30% quark-gluon liquid slowed down from the speed of light and curled up. The remaining 70% of the massless 2d scalars have grown to a minimum size of 10^-18. The massless 2d scalars, now, fluctuate between 10^-18 and 10^-15. The acquired mass of the 3d quark-gluon liquid resulted in sphere packing and established the “Future Cosmic Horizon”. [4]
As the “Future Cosmic Horizon” expanded it included more massless 2d scalars to fill the void that resulted when the 2d massless scalars became a 3d quark-gluon liquid.
PHASE CHANGE – confinement of the 3d quark gluon liquid
PHASE IV – SOLID HYDROGEN [5]
The expansion of the “Future Cosmic Horizon” is increasing the numbers of the 2d massless scalars. This reduces the pressure and cooled the 3d quark-gluons liquid which then undergoes confinement, they get their partners and become protons (5%) with mass. The mass of the particles start a further expansion of the “Future Cosmic Horizon”.
The protons would be in a solid hydrogen phase. Further expansion causes the hydrogen solid to become liquid then a gas. ( see [8] for what happens when H is a gas )
PHASE V - CMB is formed
CMB is formed by the decoupling of electrons when the hydrogen reached a gas phase. The CMB is much smaller than the future cosmic horizon because it started later. All pre CMB phases can have duration of fluctuations which would make the universe appears to be almost flat.
PHASE VI – NOW – FORMATION OF GALAZIES
1. The 2d massless scalars are still present within the universe and are the source of virtual particles.
2. Spacetime is made up of a 2d simple structured massless scalars which are fluctuating between 10^-18 and 10^-15. [6]
3. The proportion of dark energy, (2d massless scalars), and baryonic matter is consistent with sphere packing. [7]
========
CITATIONS – Due to the changes in the blog I saved the links in an unformated form at http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaver...grecovered.htm. This page "times out" due to the volume. Try again later.
[1] LQG/LQC - first principles, minimum length, PART#5- INFLATON IS DEAD, BOUNCE IS BETTER THAN BANG, Pre inflation conditions Un-Official version
[2] Fluctuations - BOUNCE BETTER THAN BANG -REVISITED
[3] quark- gluon liquid CGC (Color Glass Condensate) - Holography and Confinement, CERN and Fusion Power
[4] Future Cosmic Horizon - Can the universe fit into the CMB?, Holographic dark energy, "A LAMBDA, dark energy, vacuum energy question"
[5] SOLID HYDROGEN - Warm Dense Matter (WDM) = solid hydrogen
[6] Spacetime Structure – Micro Lensing Reveal the Quantum Structure of Spacetime, A LAMBDA, dark energy, vacuum energy question
[7] Recipes: How to make particles
[8] http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.1683
From primordial $^4$He abundance to the Higgs field
Authors: Josef M. Gaßner, Harald Lesch, Hartmuth Arenhövel
(Submitted on 10 Jun 2008)
========
19 June insert
http://www.scribd.com/word/full/3240...lls2do3idjmsgt
The Physics of the Early Universe
E. Papantonopoulos
======
The present big bang theory is available at
http://pdg.lbl.gov/2007/reviews/contents_sports.html
Big-Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) marks the boundary between the established and the speculative in big bang cosmology.
It does not include the NEW experimental evidence that has been obtained from liquid hydrogen, solid hydrogen and quark gluon liquid, and free neutrons (life and decay).
--------
inserted 11 July
Here is a paper that tries to incorporate quark gluon liquid into the big bang.
http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.1610v1
Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions and the QCD Matter Phase Diagram
Authors: Reinhard Stock (Physics Department, University of Frankfurt)
(Submitted on 10 Jul 2008)
This review will be concerned with our knowledge of extended matter under the governance of strong interaction, in short: QCD matter. Strictly speaking, the hadrons are representing the first layer of extended QCD architecture. In fact we encounter the characteristic phenomena of confinement as distances grow to the scale of 1 fm (i.e. hadron size): loss of the chiral symmetry property of the elementary QCD Lagrangian via non-perturbative generation of "massive" quark and gluon condensates, that replace the bare QCD vacuum. However, given such first experiences of transition from short range perturbative QCD phenomena (jet physics etc.), toward extended, non perturbative QCD hadron structure, we shall proceed here to systems with dimensions far exceeding the force range: matter in the interior of heavy nuclei, or in neutron stars, and primordial matter in the cosmological era from electro-weak decoupling (10^-12 s) to hadron formation (0.5 10^-5 s). This primordial matter, prior to hadronization, should be deconfined in its QCD sector, forming a plasma (i.e. color conducting) state of quarks and gluons: the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP).
Comments: 146 pages, 83 figures
--------
inserted 30 May
http://arxiv.org/abs/0904.3107v1
Nearly Perfect Fluidity: From Cold Atomic Gases to Hot Quark Gluon Plasmas
Authors: Thomas Schaefer (North Carolina State University), Derek Teaney (SUNY Stony Brook and Riken-BNL)
(Submitted on 21 Apr 2009)
Abstract: Quantum uncertainty suggests a lower bound on the internal friction -- shear viscosity -- of a fluid. The shear viscosity of a nearly perfect fluid approaches this bound. A measure of fluidity is provided by the ratio of shear viscosity eta to entropy density s. In this review we summarize theoretical and experimental information on the properties of the three main classes of quantum fluids that are known to have values of eta/s that are smaller than hbar/k_B, where hbar is Planck's constant and k_B is Boltzmann's constant. These fluids are strongly coupled Bose fluids, in particular liquid helium, strongly correlated ultracold Fermi gases, and the quark gluon plasma. We discuss the main theoretical approaches to transport properties of these fluids: kinetic theory, numerical simulations based on linear response theory, and holographic dualities. We also summarize the experimental situation, in particular with regard to the observation of hydrodynamic behavior in ultracold Fermi gases and the quark gluon plasma.
=======
If you are in a hurry you could start by reading 6. Outlook p.64
----------
inserted 17 Sept.
http://arxiv.org/abs/0909.2821
Stability of the Einstein static universe in Hořava-Lifshitz gravity
Puxun Wu, Hongwei Yu
(Submitted on 15 Sep 2009 (v1), last revised 17 Sep 2009 (this version, v2))
We study the stability of Einstein static universe in the Ho\v{r}ava-Lifshitz (HL) gravity with the detailed-balance condition, where the Friedmann equation gets corrected by a $1/{a^4}$ term. We find that, if the cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is negative, there exists a stable Einstein static state. The universe can stay at this stable state eternally and thus the big bang singularity can be avoided. However, in this case, it is difficult for the universe to break this stable state and then enter an inflationary era. For a positive $\Lambda$, the system has both an unstable state and a stable one. The former corresponds to an exponentially expanding phase. The universe can stay at this stable state past-eternally. Once the equation of state $w$ reaches infinity: $w\to\infty$ or $w\to-\infty$, this stable critical point coincides with the unstable one. Thus the stable state is broken and then the universe enters an inflationary era. Therefore, the big bang singularity can be avoided and a subsequent inflation can occur.
-----
Since in the early epoch, the universe is presumably under extreme physical conditions, new effects, such as those stemming from quantization of gravity, or a modification of general relativity or even other new physics, may become important.
Recently, motivated by the Lifshitz theory in solid state physics, Hoˇrava proposed a
power-counting renormalizable theory of gravity, called Hoˇrava-Lifshitz (HL) gravity.
Apparently the HL modifies the general relativity gravity theory mainly in the high energy regime. Hence its possible effects have recently been examined in the early universe.
----
I have not found the answer but I’m still looking.
=======
~~~ Since I’m learning … I reserve the right to change my mind ~~~
As you can see in my blog, many have asked this question and there are many different approaches to try to get an answer.
I get my pleasure from seeking the answers.
I have been trying to understand how the universe is made by looking at the recent scientific papers and the many approaches that are being used.
Here is what I have learned since coming to this forum. This is based on the speculations in the scientific papers.[/b]
PHASE I – SCALARS
Only massless 2d Scalars exist. The first fluctuations would be between 24 planck units and the GUT scale. Minimum length is maintained. [1]
PHASE CHANGE - The GUT scale is a phase change for the 2d massless scalars. An additional symmetry is revealed. Minimum length has increased to a minimum of the GUT scale.
PHASE II - SCALARS
Scalars fluctuate between the GUT scale and 10^-18. [2]
PHASE CHANGE - 10^-18. 30% of the massless scalars are transformed to a quark-gluon liquid, CGC (Color Glass Condensate).
PHASE III – MIXED - UNCONFINED quark-gluon LIQUID PLASMA [3]
The 30% quark-gluon liquid slowed down from the speed of light and curled up. The remaining 70% of the massless 2d scalars have grown to a minimum size of 10^-18. The massless 2d scalars, now, fluctuate between 10^-18 and 10^-15. The acquired mass of the 3d quark-gluon liquid resulted in sphere packing and established the “Future Cosmic Horizon”. [4]
As the “Future Cosmic Horizon” expanded it included more massless 2d scalars to fill the void that resulted when the 2d massless scalars became a 3d quark-gluon liquid.
PHASE CHANGE – confinement of the 3d quark gluon liquid
PHASE IV – SOLID HYDROGEN [5]
The expansion of the “Future Cosmic Horizon” is increasing the numbers of the 2d massless scalars. This reduces the pressure and cooled the 3d quark-gluons liquid which then undergoes confinement, they get their partners and become protons (5%) with mass. The mass of the particles start a further expansion of the “Future Cosmic Horizon”.
The protons would be in a solid hydrogen phase. Further expansion causes the hydrogen solid to become liquid then a gas. ( see [8] for what happens when H is a gas )
PHASE V - CMB is formed
CMB is formed by the decoupling of electrons when the hydrogen reached a gas phase. The CMB is much smaller than the future cosmic horizon because it started later. All pre CMB phases can have duration of fluctuations which would make the universe appears to be almost flat.
PHASE VI – NOW – FORMATION OF GALAZIES
1. The 2d massless scalars are still present within the universe and are the source of virtual particles.
2. Spacetime is made up of a 2d simple structured massless scalars which are fluctuating between 10^-18 and 10^-15. [6]
3. The proportion of dark energy, (2d massless scalars), and baryonic matter is consistent with sphere packing. [7]
========
CITATIONS – Due to the changes in the blog I saved the links in an unformated form at http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaver...grecovered.htm. This page "times out" due to the volume. Try again later.
[1] LQG/LQC - first principles, minimum length, PART#5- INFLATON IS DEAD, BOUNCE IS BETTER THAN BANG, Pre inflation conditions Un-Official version
[2] Fluctuations - BOUNCE BETTER THAN BANG -REVISITED
[3] quark- gluon liquid CGC (Color Glass Condensate) - Holography and Confinement, CERN and Fusion Power
[4] Future Cosmic Horizon - Can the universe fit into the CMB?, Holographic dark energy, "A LAMBDA, dark energy, vacuum energy question"
[5] SOLID HYDROGEN - Warm Dense Matter (WDM) = solid hydrogen
[6] Spacetime Structure – Micro Lensing Reveal the Quantum Structure of Spacetime, A LAMBDA, dark energy, vacuum energy question
[7] Recipes: How to make particles
[8] http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.1683
From primordial $^4$He abundance to the Higgs field
Authors: Josef M. Gaßner, Harald Lesch, Hartmuth Arenhövel
(Submitted on 10 Jun 2008)
========
19 June insert
http://www.scribd.com/word/full/3240...lls2do3idjmsgt
The Physics of the Early Universe
E. Papantonopoulos
======
The present big bang theory is available at
http://pdg.lbl.gov/2007/reviews/contents_sports.html
Big-Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) marks the boundary between the established and the speculative in big bang cosmology.
It does not include the NEW experimental evidence that has been obtained from liquid hydrogen, solid hydrogen and quark gluon liquid, and free neutrons (life and decay).
--------
inserted 11 July
Here is a paper that tries to incorporate quark gluon liquid into the big bang.
http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.1610v1
Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions and the QCD Matter Phase Diagram
Authors: Reinhard Stock (Physics Department, University of Frankfurt)
(Submitted on 10 Jul 2008)
This review will be concerned with our knowledge of extended matter under the governance of strong interaction, in short: QCD matter. Strictly speaking, the hadrons are representing the first layer of extended QCD architecture. In fact we encounter the characteristic phenomena of confinement as distances grow to the scale of 1 fm (i.e. hadron size): loss of the chiral symmetry property of the elementary QCD Lagrangian via non-perturbative generation of "massive" quark and gluon condensates, that replace the bare QCD vacuum. However, given such first experiences of transition from short range perturbative QCD phenomena (jet physics etc.), toward extended, non perturbative QCD hadron structure, we shall proceed here to systems with dimensions far exceeding the force range: matter in the interior of heavy nuclei, or in neutron stars, and primordial matter in the cosmological era from electro-weak decoupling (10^-12 s) to hadron formation (0.5 10^-5 s). This primordial matter, prior to hadronization, should be deconfined in its QCD sector, forming a plasma (i.e. color conducting) state of quarks and gluons: the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP).
Comments: 146 pages, 83 figures
--------
inserted 30 May
http://arxiv.org/abs/0904.3107v1
Nearly Perfect Fluidity: From Cold Atomic Gases to Hot Quark Gluon Plasmas
Authors: Thomas Schaefer (North Carolina State University), Derek Teaney (SUNY Stony Brook and Riken-BNL)
(Submitted on 21 Apr 2009)
Abstract: Quantum uncertainty suggests a lower bound on the internal friction -- shear viscosity -- of a fluid. The shear viscosity of a nearly perfect fluid approaches this bound. A measure of fluidity is provided by the ratio of shear viscosity eta to entropy density s. In this review we summarize theoretical and experimental information on the properties of the three main classes of quantum fluids that are known to have values of eta/s that are smaller than hbar/k_B, where hbar is Planck's constant and k_B is Boltzmann's constant. These fluids are strongly coupled Bose fluids, in particular liquid helium, strongly correlated ultracold Fermi gases, and the quark gluon plasma. We discuss the main theoretical approaches to transport properties of these fluids: kinetic theory, numerical simulations based on linear response theory, and holographic dualities. We also summarize the experimental situation, in particular with regard to the observation of hydrodynamic behavior in ultracold Fermi gases and the quark gluon plasma.
=======
If you are in a hurry you could start by reading 6. Outlook p.64
----------
inserted 17 Sept.
http://arxiv.org/abs/0909.2821
Stability of the Einstein static universe in Hořava-Lifshitz gravity
Puxun Wu, Hongwei Yu
(Submitted on 15 Sep 2009 (v1), last revised 17 Sep 2009 (this version, v2))
We study the stability of Einstein static universe in the Ho\v{r}ava-Lifshitz (HL) gravity with the detailed-balance condition, where the Friedmann equation gets corrected by a $1/{a^4}$ term. We find that, if the cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is negative, there exists a stable Einstein static state. The universe can stay at this stable state eternally and thus the big bang singularity can be avoided. However, in this case, it is difficult for the universe to break this stable state and then enter an inflationary era. For a positive $\Lambda$, the system has both an unstable state and a stable one. The former corresponds to an exponentially expanding phase. The universe can stay at this stable state past-eternally. Once the equation of state $w$ reaches infinity: $w\to\infty$ or $w\to-\infty$, this stable critical point coincides with the unstable one. Thus the stable state is broken and then the universe enters an inflationary era. Therefore, the big bang singularity can be avoided and a subsequent inflation can occur.
-----
Since in the early epoch, the universe is presumably under extreme physical conditions, new effects, such as those stemming from quantization of gravity, or a modification of general relativity or even other new physics, may become important.
Recently, motivated by the Lifshitz theory in solid state physics, Hoˇrava proposed a
power-counting renormalizable theory of gravity, called Hoˇrava-Lifshitz (HL) gravity.
Apparently the HL modifies the general relativity gravity theory mainly in the high energy regime. Hence its possible effects have recently been examined in the early universe.
----
I have not found the answer but I’m still looking.
=======
~~~ Since I’m learning … I reserve the right to change my mind ~~~
Total Comments 5
Comments
-
You know, the most elegant explanations are the simplest ones. Complexity for the sake of complexity is good for amusing one's self but if you ask me, the more complex an answer is the more likely it is to be wrong.
That's Steve's razor. Good luck with your search.Posted Nov29-08 at 05:49 PM by Stevening 
-
Thanks!
See latest entry in http://www.physicsforums.com/blog.php?b=513 How do I visualize particles?Posted Dec7-08 at 12:41 PM by jal
-
Here is something that I dug up.
The following, (yep! I recomend reading it) might be of interest.
http://arXiv.org/abs/0903.1474
Soft Physics from RHIC to LHC
Peter Steinberg
(Submitted on 9 Mar 2009)
The RHIC program was intended to identify and study the quark-gluon plasma formed in the collision of heavy nuclei. The discovery of the "perfect liquid" is an essential step towards the understanding of the medium formed in these collisions. Much of data relevant to this was provided by the study of "soft" observables, which involve many particles of low momentum produced in nearly every event, rather than high momentum particles produced in rare events. The main results related to soft physics at RHIC are discussed, as well as their implications for the physics of the LHC heavy ion program.
Short Quote
A quote from http://entropybound.blogspot.com/Quote:1. RHIC physics in a nutshell: The “perfect liquid”
The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory turned
on in 2000 and has taken data over a wide range of energies (19.6 to 200 GeV per nucleon-
nucleon collision) and collision systems (protons to gold). The expectation from lattice
QCD calculations (an example shown in the left panel of Fig. 1, from Ref. [1]) was that
colliding nuclei at relativistic energies would form a hot, dense system where the degrees
of freedom would no longer be the hadrons measured in the final state, but rather their
quark and gluon constituents. However, the data collected by the four experiments at
RHIC – two large, and two small, all covering both unique and overlapping ranges in
phase space – arrived at the surprising conclusion that the system formed in the colli-
sions was a “perfect liquid” [2]. This is a non-trivial observation, given that asymptotic
freedom implied that interactions between the quarks and gluons should become weaker
at higher energies [3]. Instead, the system appears to flow collectively as if the interac-
tions between the relevant degrees of freedom are exceedingly strong.
===Quote:But the behaviour of some forms of quantum matter has proved a much harder nut to crack. High-temperature superconductors, for example, are not really understood despite more than two decades of research since they were first discovered. Also mysterious are various exotic types of magnet; while the electrical resistance of most metals increases with the square of their temperature, T, for some magnetic metals like manganese silicon the resistance is proportional to T1.5. And then there is the quark—gluon plasma, which occurs when neutrons are pressed together so tightly that their quarks lose their identity and form a single homogenous liquid. Such a plasma is believed to have formed during the first few microseconds after the Big Bang, but has also recently been recreated in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US, with further experiments planned at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider.
Have fun doing your own learning.
jalPosted Feb4-10 at 04:19 PM by jal
-
Here are my questions concerning ...
http://arXiv.org/abs/0903.1474
Soft Physics from RHIC to LHC
Peter Steinberg
-------Quote:Comparing the relevant energy and space-timescales implied by the success of the
hydrodynamical models, the matter at RHIC is formed under quite extreme conditions.
The formation time needed for the hydrodynamic calculations is τ0 =0.6fm/c, or
approximately 2 yoctoseconds (10−24) [11]. This number is far smaller than the time
taken a massless particle to traverse the radius of a hadron(τ ∼1fm/c)[12]. The same
calculations determine that the energy density needed to match the data is around ϵ
∼30 GeV/fm3, about 60 times the density of a nucleon in its rest frame, ϵN ∼500MeV/fm3 .
It should be noted that these estimates do not preclude even higher energy densities at
even earlier times.
One empirically observed feature that should shed light on this is “extended longitudinal scaling”[17]. It
has been observed in proton-proton collisions that the pseudo rapidity density (dNch/dη)
of inclusive charged particle production is energy-independent when viewed in a frame where one or other of the incoming particles is at rest [18]. This is done by using the kinematic variable η′ =η
−ybeam, where ybeam is the rapidity of one of the beams. Results for dN/dη′ are shown for Au+Au collisions at four RHIC energies[19] in the left panel of Fig. 4, where longitudinal scaling is clearly observed. The persistence of this scaling over a factor of ten in energy suggests that no major changes in the particle production occurs over this range.
This suggests that the geometrical configuration of the participants is “frozen in” immediately, consistent with the previous estimates of τo r perhaps even shorter times.
My understanding of this paper is that once a perfect liquid state has been achieved that this perfect liquid will continue to exist over a large range of density, temp. I don’t see how any changes of those variables can be observed from inside the horizon of the universe. (Irrigardless of your belief in a finite or infinite universe.)
A change that is progressing at c, and heading towards you cannot be observed nor can you observe a change progressing at c, that is going away from you.
You cannot see a photon coming towards you nor a photon going away from you.
Therefore, “change” appears to be “immediate”.
If the geometry is “frozen in” then only an external clock can record the passage of time. From the point of view of the internal observer, change occur “immediately” yet the existing prior conditions could have existed for an extremely long period of “external time”. “Changes” in the universe could have been “progressing” for a long time and there would be no way of being aware of it and of measuring the “progression”.
If correct, how would this change our views of the time frame of the evolution of the early universe prior decoupling?
My second question is ...
What is temp. and how can it be measured when in a perfect liquid state where “the geometry is frozen in”?
(Yes, I looked up the wiki discussion on temp.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature
Quote:For a system in thermal equilibrium at a constant volume, temperature is thermodynamically defined in terms of its energy (E) and entropy (S).
It is also possible to define temperature in terms of the second law of thermodynamics, which deals with entropy. Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system.
The argument in the previous section is how the relation between entropy and heat was arrived at historically. Modern definition of temperature is given in Statistical mechanics and it is defined in terms of the fundamental degrees of freedom of a system (see the article entropy for details). Eq.(8) of the previous section is then taken to be the defining relation of the temperature. Eq. (7) can be derived from the definition of entropy.Posted Feb4-10 at 04:21 PM by jal
-
Here is the PDF presentation ... Maybe it will help to answer my questions at “the geometry is frozen in”
http://www4.rcf.bnl.gov/~steinber/ta...NIC2008_v4.pdf
Soft Physics: From RHIC to the LHC
Additional info ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadronization
In particle physics, hadronization is the process of the formation of hadrons out of quarks and gluons. This occurs after high-energy collisions in a particle collider in which free quarks or gluons are created. Due to colour confinement, these cannot exist individually. In the Standard Model they combine with quarks and antiquarks spontaneously created from the vacuum to form hadrons. The details of this process are not yet fully understood. Another model is the Lund string model.
The tight cone of particles created by the hadronization of a single quark is called a jet. Jets are observed in particle detectors, rather than quarks, whose existence must be inferred.
Hadronization also occurred shortly after the Big Bang when the quark-gluon plasma cooled to the temperature below which free quarks and gluons cannot exist (about 170 MeV). The quarks and gluons then combined into hadrons.Posted Feb5-10 at 08:40 PM by jal
