# Tomorrows' Big Bang

Posted Jun12-08 at 11:29 AM by jal
Updated Dec20-09 at 12:25 AM by jal (new info)

My quest started by a simple question, “How is the universe made and how does it works?”
As you can see in my blog, many have asked this question and there are many different approaches to try to get an answer.
I get my pleasure from seeking the answers.

I have been trying to understand how the universe is made by looking at the recent scientific papers and the many approaches that are being used.
Here is what I have learned since coming to this forum. This is based on the speculations in the scientific papers.[/b]

PHASE I – SCALARS
Only massless 2d Scalars exist. The first fluctuations would be between 24 planck units and the GUT scale. Minimum length is maintained. [1]

PHASE CHANGE - The GUT scale is a phase change for the 2d massless scalars. An additional symmetry is revealed. Minimum length has increased to a minimum of the GUT scale.

PHASE II - SCALARS
Scalars fluctuate between the GUT scale and 10^-18. [2]

PHASE CHANGE - 10^-18. 30% of the massless scalars are transformed to a quark-gluon liquid, CGC (Color Glass Condensate).

PHASE III – MIXED - UNCONFINED quark-gluon LIQUID PLASMA [3]
The 30% quark-gluon liquid slowed down from the speed of light and curled up. The remaining 70% of the massless 2d scalars have grown to a minimum size of 10^-18. The massless 2d scalars, now, fluctuate between 10^-18 and 10^-15. The acquired mass of the 3d quark-gluon liquid resulted in sphere packing and established the “Future Cosmic Horizon”. [4]
As the “Future Cosmic Horizon” expanded it included more massless 2d scalars to fill the void that resulted when the 2d massless scalars became a 3d quark-gluon liquid.

PHASE CHANGE – confinement of the 3d quark gluon liquid

PHASE IV – SOLID HYDROGEN [5]
The expansion of the “Future Cosmic Horizon” is increasing the numbers of the 2d massless scalars. This reduces the pressure and cooled the 3d quark-gluons liquid which then undergoes confinement, they get their partners and become protons (5%) with mass. The mass of the particles start a further expansion of the “Future Cosmic Horizon”.

The protons would be in a solid hydrogen phase. Further expansion causes the hydrogen solid to become liquid then a gas. ( see [8] for what happens when H is a gas )

PHASE V - CMB is formed
CMB is formed by the decoupling of electrons when the hydrogen reached a gas phase. The CMB is much smaller than the future cosmic horizon because it started later. All pre CMB phases can have duration of fluctuations which would make the universe appears to be almost flat.

PHASE VI – NOW – FORMATION OF GALAZIES
1. The 2d massless scalars are still present within the universe and are the source of virtual particles.
2. Spacetime is made up of a 2d simple structured massless scalars which are fluctuating between 10^-18 and 10^-15. [6]
3. The proportion of dark energy, (2d massless scalars), and baryonic matter is consistent with sphere packing. [7]
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CITATIONS – Due to the changes in the blog I saved the links in an unformated form at http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaver...grecovered.htm. This page "times out" due to the volume. Try again later.

[1] LQG/LQC - first principles, minimum length, PART#5- INFLATON IS DEAD, BOUNCE IS BETTER THAN BANG, Pre inflation conditions Un-Official version
[2] Fluctuations - BOUNCE BETTER THAN BANG -REVISITED
[3] quark- gluon liquid CGC (Color Glass Condensate) - Holography and Confinement, CERN and Fusion Power
[4] Future Cosmic Horizon - Can the universe fit into the CMB?, Holographic dark energy, "A LAMBDA, dark energy, vacuum energy question"
[5] SOLID HYDROGEN - Warm Dense Matter (WDM) = solid hydrogen
[6] Spacetime Structure – Micro Lensing Reveal the Quantum Structure of Spacetime, A LAMBDA, dark energy, vacuum energy question
[7] Recipes: How to make particles
[8] http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.1683
From primordial $^4$He abundance to the Higgs field
Authors: Josef M. Gaßner, Harald Lesch, Hartmuth Arenhövel
(Submitted on 10 Jun 2008)
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19 June insert
http://www.scribd.com/word/full/3240...lls2do3idjmsgt
The Physics of the Early Universe
E. Papantonopoulos
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The present big bang theory is available at
http://pdg.lbl.gov/2007/reviews/contents_sports.html
Big-Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) marks the boundary between the established and the speculative in big bang cosmology.
It does not include the NEW experimental evidence that has been obtained from liquid hydrogen, solid hydrogen and quark gluon liquid, and free neutrons (life and decay).
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inserted 11 July
Here is a paper that tries to incorporate quark gluon liquid into the big bang.
http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.1610v1
Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions and the QCD Matter Phase Diagram
Authors: Reinhard Stock (Physics Department, University of Frankfurt)
(Submitted on 10 Jul 2008)
This review will be concerned with our knowledge of extended matter under the governance of strong interaction, in short: QCD matter. Strictly speaking, the hadrons are representing the first layer of extended QCD architecture. In fact we encounter the characteristic phenomena of confinement as distances grow to the scale of 1 fm (i.e. hadron size): loss of the chiral symmetry property of the elementary QCD Lagrangian via non-perturbative generation of "massive" quark and gluon condensates, that replace the bare QCD vacuum. However, given such first experiences of transition from short range perturbative QCD phenomena (jet physics etc.), toward extended, non perturbative QCD hadron structure, we shall proceed here to systems with dimensions far exceeding the force range: matter in the interior of heavy nuclei, or in neutron stars, and primordial matter in the cosmological era from electro-weak decoupling (10^-12 s) to hadron formation (0.5 10^-5 s). This primordial matter, prior to hadronization, should be deconfined in its QCD sector, forming a plasma (i.e. color conducting) state of quarks and gluons: the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP).
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inserted 30 May
http://arxiv.org/abs/0904.3107v1
Nearly Perfect Fluidity: From Cold Atomic Gases to Hot Quark Gluon Plasmas
Authors: Thomas Schaefer (North Carolina State University), Derek Teaney (SUNY Stony Brook and Riken-BNL)
(Submitted on 21 Apr 2009)
Abstract: Quantum uncertainty suggests a lower bound on the internal friction -- shear viscosity -- of a fluid. The shear viscosity of a nearly perfect fluid approaches this bound. A measure of fluidity is provided by the ratio of shear viscosity eta to entropy density s. In this review we summarize theoretical and experimental information on the properties of the three main classes of quantum fluids that are known to have values of eta/s that are smaller than hbar/k_B, where hbar is Planck's constant and k_B is Boltzmann's constant. These fluids are strongly coupled Bose fluids, in particular liquid helium, strongly correlated ultracold Fermi gases, and the quark gluon plasma. We discuss the main theoretical approaches to transport properties of these fluids: kinetic theory, numerical simulations based on linear response theory, and holographic dualities. We also summarize the experimental situation, in particular with regard to the observation of hydrodynamic behavior in ultracold Fermi gases and the quark gluon plasma.
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If you are in a hurry you could start by reading 6. Outlook p.64

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inserted 17 Sept.
http://arxiv.org/abs/0909.2821
Stability of the Einstein static universe in Hořava-Lifshitz gravity
Puxun Wu, Hongwei Yu
(Submitted on 15 Sep 2009 (v1), last revised 17 Sep 2009 (this version, v2))
We study the stability of Einstein static universe in the Ho\v{r}ava-Lifshitz (HL) gravity with the detailed-balance condition, where the Friedmann equation gets corrected by a $1/{a^4}$ term. We find that, if the cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is negative, there exists a stable Einstein static state. The universe can stay at this stable state eternally and thus the big bang singularity can be avoided. However, in this case, it is difficult for the universe to break this stable state and then enter an inflationary era. For a positive $\Lambda$, the system has both an unstable state and a stable one. The former corresponds to an exponentially expanding phase. The universe can stay at this stable state past-eternally. Once the equation of state $w$ reaches infinity: $w\to\infty$ or $w\to-\infty$, this stable critical point coincides with the unstable one. Thus the stable state is broken and then the universe enters an inflationary era. Therefore, the big bang singularity can be avoided and a subsequent inflation can occur.
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Since in the early epoch, the universe is presumably under extreme physical conditions, new eﬀects, such as those stemming from quantization of gravity, or a modiﬁcation of general relativity or even other new physics, may become important.

Recently, motivated by the Lifshitz theory in solid state physics, Hoˇrava proposed a
power-counting renormalizable theory of gravity, called Hoˇrava-Lifshitz (HL) gravity.

Apparently the HL modiﬁes the general relativity gravity theory mainly in the high energy regime. Hence its possible eﬀects have recently been examined in the early universe.
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~~~ Since I’m learning … I reserve the right to change my mind ~~~
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